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Description

• cours magistral
• expression écrite

radio/tv host Wealth Coach BestSellingAuthor Edu-tainer CHINKEE TAN power motivator chinkPOSI+IVEmr.“ ”

• wealth coach
• people step by step ways
• pera pera lang
• years of personal experience
• edu-tainer chinkee
• host wealth coach bestsellingauthor edu
• chinkee tan
• personal finance

Sujets

• Cours magistral
• Nestlé
• Personal
• Wealth

Informations

• Publié par: meshang
• Nombre de lectures: 18
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

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Polyphase Meter Theory and History Course 223

Landis + Gyr Inc. Randy Riley

Principles of Polyphase Metering

Primary Objectives What is polyphase metering Why does the customer need this type of metering Evolution of polyphase metering Polyphase meter forms and wiring –Blondel’s Theorem How do they work Functions they perform

MD GRID METERING, POWER QUALITY, RTP, DIRECT ACCESS FUNCTIONS, EMS FUNCTIONS, CURTAILABLE LOAD RATES

POWER QUALITY, TIMEOFUSE, MULTIACCESS, AGGREGATE BILLING, REMOTE COMMUNICATIONS

WATTS, VARS, Time ofUse, Power Quality, DEMAND, Communications

WATTS, DEMAND, TIMEOFUSE, AMR

WATTS, DEMAND, TIMEOFUSE, AMR

WATTS

/ SS POLY 0 MULTI FUNCTION PRECISION

/ SS POLY 0 MULTIFUNCTION

POLYPHASE Mechanical and Solid State

MI M

SINGLE PHASE  SOLID STATE

SINGLE PHASE (Hybrid)  EM + SS MODULE SINGLE PHASE  ELECTROMECHANICAL

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223 Polyphase (MultiStator) Meter Theory Discussion of the development of the polyphase electromechanical meter and how it works. The basic design of electronic watthour meters and the principles they operate on are introduced. Meter forms are also discussed

MM

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Why does the customer need this type of metering?

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Evolution of Polyphase Metering and Increased Functionality in Meters

Single phase Meter Components and Assemblies

L+G

The Watthour Meter

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Basically, the watthour meter consists of a MOTOR (commutator, flux field, & rotor) whose torque is proportional to the power flowing through it,

a MAGNETIC BRAKE (damping magnet) is present to retard/restrain the speed of the motor in such a way that it is proportion to power by making the braking effect proportional to the speed of the rotor (disk),

and a REGISTER to count the number of revolutions the rotor (disk) makes.

th This definition is taken from the 9 edition of the “Handbook for Watthour Metering”, chapter 7, The Watthour Meter, page 117.

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    

The Single Phase/Single Function Meter

Electromechanical Nonprogrammable Good accuracy Reliable Inexpensive

SBase

Mounting Considerations

Basic Electricity

ABase

Equations & Measurements

Power: The Rate of Doing Work

Switchboard

One horsepower is equivalent to 745.7 watts.

Power (Watts) = Voltage X Current X Cos

Power generated in the stator assembly is the driving force that spins the disk.

Energy: The Capacity for Doing Work

The work done by one watt acting for one hour

Energy = Power X Time

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The counteractive flux field generated by the damping magnet (drag magnet) introduces time control to the disk.

Note: In solidstate meters, the disk is not present, but the end measurements are still the same. 12

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What makes the disk turn?

*Magnetic flux generated within the potential coil, when energized by line voltage, passes through the potential core and is directed to the disk.

*Magnetic flux is also generated around the current coils, as load is applied, passes through the current core and is also directed to the disk.

*The interaction of these magnetic fluxes and eddy currents developed, produce a force within the disk to push or drive it in a specific direction.

*The net effect of all the forces acting together on the disk causes rotation at a speed proportional to line voltage and current load.

Voltage Sensing  Electromechanical Meters  Use a voltage coil (a.k.a. potential coil, or “pot coil”) – Rated for operation at a specific voltage (120, 240/277, 480) – Converts voltage into magnetic flux that helps drive the disk  Solid State Meters  Modern Meters – Voltage input from “voltage divider” resistor circuit – No isolation from voltage source – Able to operate over a wide voltage range (120V~480V)  Voltage converted into a digital value using A/D converter

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Current Ratings  For loads up to 480 Amps, meters can handle load amps directly – Called a “selfcontained” meter – Most common usage is Class 200 (200A) – Modern meters can operate up to 320A and 480A.  For loads above 200A or 320A or 480A use Current Transformers – Called a “transformerrated” meter – Class 20 (20A) or Class 10 (10A)

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Voltage (Flux) Indicator

 Important indication that all voltage inputs are present and contributing to registration.  Standard on all solid state meters and electromechanical transformer rated meters.  Could be lamps or LED’s.  Solid state meters often use part of the LCD display.

Current Sensing  Electromechanical Meters – Use current coils – Converts current into magnetic flux that helps drive the disk  Solid State Meters – Use current sensors – Converts current into a digital value using A/D converter – Much better accuracy over the operating range  Accurately captures small current signals

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Meter Rating Summary

 Voltage Ratings – 120, 240, 277, 480 Volts for selfcontained and transformerrated installations – Some solid state meters operate over wide voltage range: 120~480V (57~120V available)  Current Ratings  Test Am s Max Am s (TA) (Class)  15 100 SelfContained 30 200  50 320/480  2.5 10 TransformerRated 2.5 20

Electromechanical Adjustments

Solid State Adjustments

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 Modern Solid State Meters – All calibration adjustments set at factory using special software. – Manufacturer may or may not allow utility to adjust meter calibration

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Electromechanical Adjustments  Full Load – One per meter and influences amount of permanent magnet flux seen by the disk.  Light Load – Normally one per stator (some meters have only one per meter). Produces force on rotor proportional to voltage flux.  Lag Load – One per stator and allows setting of the phase angle between applied voltage and voltage flux.

102.0 101.5 101.0 100.5 100.0 99.5 99.0 98.5 98.0

Solid State Meter Load Curves

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Focus 2S Load Performance Curve

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Meter 1

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Meter 2

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20 30 60 100 150 180 200 225 Amps

Meter 3

Meter 4

ANSI

ANSI

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Form Numbers

th Handbook for Electricity Metering, 10 Ed, p. 142

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Line to Line = 208v

Or 480v line to line

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Digital Multiplication

A  D

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Solid State Polyphase Meter of Today

ANSI approved Consumption and Instantaneous Quantities (Watts and Vars) Per Phase Quantities Delivered and Received Metering (Four Quadrant Metering) AC or DC Auxiliary Power Demand/TOU plus PF Multichannel Recording Power Quality & Event Monitoring Direct Access Meter (Modem, Cellular, RS232, Internet, etc.) Multiple Protocol options including DNP3.0, Cooper 2179, MODbus, etc. Transformer, Line & Instrument Transformer Loss 39 Compensation

Solid State Polyphase Meter Enhancements

Customer’s investment protected Flash memory *Allows upgrades and feature enhancements 128k ram – On board (15 LP channels) Firmware versions available for DGCOM protocol or ANSI tables Net metering

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S DSPT

Registers

kVA “RMS” Apparent

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Sample rate 3.33MHz/ph to converters 3.34 kHz toDSPto. Accurate 26thharmonic of 60Hz.

Vrms

Irms

kWh kW

kVAR “ Vector”

kQ “Vector”

kVA “Vector”

PF

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Solid State Polyphase Meter of Today Cont’d Build a meter concept Software upgrade: kWh to Active Demand/TOU to Reactive Demand/TOU Demand or TOU(just add btry) Output relay flexibility  4 out, 2 in 128k+ ram with up to 15 programmable channels of load profile and up to 6 SelfReads Modem, RS232, RS485, AMR module Realtime Rate activation

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Main Processor and Display Board

Front

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 Demand Reset  Infrared Calibration LED’s  Visual LED’s  16 Character Display  Test Switch  Scroll Switch  Optical Port

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PM Measurement Board with Digital Signal Processor ( DSP )

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HI TRIP POINT

LOW TRIP POINT 1 SECOND

 1 second data for display, recorder channels, analog, and output relays  Power Quality  Transformer Loss Compensation ( TLC )

DURATION 1 CYCLE RMS

1 SECOND

RMS PHASE VOLTAGE

CURRENT MONITORING

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223 Polyphase (MultiStator) Meter Theory Discussion of the development of the polyphase electromechanical meter and how it works. The basic design of electronic watthour meters and the principles they operate on are introduced. Meter forms are also discussed

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Polyphase Meter  Power Quality Monitoring

Outage Reporting

Loss of Phase

Record voltage events (sags and swells)

Record current

Store daily highs and lows

Service diagnostic

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Principles of Polyphase Metering

Primary Objectives What is polyphase metering Why does the customer need this type of metering Evolution of polyphase metering Polyphase meter forms and wiring –Blondel’s Theorem How do they work Functions they perform

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