School of Mathematical Sciences Honours in

Gp

Description

• cours magistral - matière potentielle : list of honours
• cours magistral - matière potentielle : 4.4 astrophysics
• cours magistral - matière potentielle : honours
• cours - matière potentielle : at the end
• exposé
• cours magistral - matière potentielle : units
• cours magistral - matière potentielle : unit
• cours magistral - matière potentielle : topic
• cours magistral - matière : mathematics - matière potentielle : mathematics
• cours magistral - matière potentielle : 4.2 statistics
• cours magistral - matière potentielle : course
• cours magistral - matière potentielle : year mathematics
• cours magistral
• cours - matière potentielle : manager ms linda mayer
• cours magistral - matière potentielle : topics
• cours - matière potentielle : records
• cours magistral - matière potentielle : 4.1 mathematics

- 1 - School of Mathematical Sciences Honours in Mathematics, Statistics, Applied Mathematics, Astrophysics and Atmospheric Science (Fourth Year) 2012 REVISED 8 February, 2012 –

• m4091 semigroup theory
• lecture topics
• 6.0 introduction to honours
• weighted mark for 24 points of workload
• major research project
• honours unit requirements
• honours
• mathematics
• 3 mathematics
• topics
• -1 unit
• unit

Sujets

• Honor (disambiguation)
• At The End
• Exposé
• Mathematics
• Course
• Cours magistral

Informations

• Publié par: mithar
• Nombre de lectures: 28
• Langue: English

Extrait

CholesterolEase







CholesterolEase


FOR


CARDIO-HEALTH








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In 1900 heart attacks were almost nonexistent. Most cases of heart disease
were usually the result of an infectious disease or congenital heart defect. In the
ensuing decades, this once rare condition has now become one of the leading
causes of death in Western countries.

We could ask:”What caused this problem?” We could say that social changes
since 1900 have certainly played a part, such as: Increased cigarette usage after
WWI, a huge increase in refined sugar use, inactive suburban lifestyles, and
packaged, chemical-laden food replacing fresh, raw choices.

Ask anyone with heart disease what the problem is and you’ll hear: “I have to
watch my diet, get more exercise, stop smoking” and so forth. These are good
starting points, but, as you will discover, there’s more...

Conventional wisdom argues that cholesterol is the enemy and must be
managed to prevent coronary heart disease. Remove the “contributing” agents,
which in this case are cholesterol and bad fats, and you will control CHD. This
explanation for the cause and treatment of heart disease is almost 60 years old
and has been the cornerstone of the “Lipid Theory of Cardiovascular Disease”
Cardiologists are using a broad range of diagnostic procedures and prescribe
from among countless heart medications to treat cardiovascular disease every
day. But to no avail…

Tragically, statistics show that heart disease continues to be on the rise,
claiming ever more lives.


Let’s look at the history of the “Lipid Theory”

It was during the Korean War (1950 – 1953) that doctors thought they
discovered the real cause of heart disease.

During autopsies done on young American soldiers killed in action, they found
well developed atherosclerotic plaques in their coronary and carotid arteries.
These American soldiers also had additional fatty streaks in the intima of their
arteries. These fatty streaks were also observed in Korean and Chinese soldiers
but the well developed atheromas found in American soldiers were not present.
Analysis of the fatty streaks found in both the American and Korean/Chinese
soldiers showed it was saturated fat (palmitic acid). The well developed plaques
found in the Americans only, however, contained cholesterol and was mostly
unsaturated fat.

These findings lead to the “Lipid Theory” that states that a diet high in
cholesterol and saturated fats will cause cholesterols to be deposited in the blood
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vessels, clogging them up. The clogged blood vessels will restrict blood flow to
the heart. Eventually a piece will break loose and cause a heart attack or stroke.


The lipid theory is treated as follows:

Because cholesterol is the enemy, those who follow the “lipid theory” say:
• Decrease the amount of cholesterol and lipids in the body through diet
and drugs, and
• Make the blood less sticky (by means of blood thinners) to ensure
adequate blood flow to prevent heart attacks or stroke.


Let’s first look at the diet that is prescribed by the “lipid theory” to
lower cholesterol numbers and reduce the formation of plaque:

To do this we have to refer to the analyses of the well developed plaques that
cause these blockages. When these plaques were analysed, they found that they
consisted of a very complex, highly oxidised LDL attached to a certain protein,
namely, apoprotein(a). This cholesterol is called Lipoprotein(a), (Lp(a)). The fats
found inside these plaques were unsaturated fats and not saturated fats as were
expected.

The fatty streaks found in the intima of the arteries in both American and
Korean/Chinese soldiers were saturated fat, which appears to be quite normal
and harmless, since it is found in many animals.

The diet as prescribed by Heart Associations all over the world, states that we
must avoid saturated fats at all costs, and to stick to a diet of polyunsaturated
oils and carbohydrates. Yet, it is a fact that all carbohydrates are metabolised to
glucose. If glucose is not used for fuel, it is automatically converted to and
stored as saturated fat.

Now…, telling people to avoid eating saturated fats, while at the same time
telling them to eat food that will be converted into saturated fat, does not make
sense. Therefore, I would say, fat is not the problem.

Dr William Castelli, director of the prestigious Framingham Heart study, said:
“The more saturated fat one ate, the more cholesterol one ate, the more calories
one ate, the lower peoples’ serum cholesterol… We found that the people who
ate the most cholesterol, ate the most saturated fat, ate the most calories,
weighed the least and were the most physically active.”

The Framingham Heart study also found that there was almost no difference in
coronary events for people with cholesterol levels between 5 mmol/L and 7.5
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mmol/L, where most people lands. Even those people with ultra high cholesterol
levels, of almost 31 mmol/L, the difference in coronary events compared to
those in normal ranges was insignificant.

Castelli’s comments were made decades ago, when much of our livestock was
still grass-fed and the adding of hormones and growth enhancers was just
starting. Also, diets high in domestic animal fat and partially hydrogenated poly-
unsaturates (metabolic poisons) have their own set of health risks.

A steadily growing group of scientists, physicians and other academicians from
various countries is questioning the theory that dietary saturated fats and
cholesterol cause heart disease.

Dr Uffe Ravnskov of Lund, Sweden, says that the accumulated evidence from
nine dietary trials presented by a group of British researchers in the March 2001
issue of the British Medical Journal showed that not a single life was saved by
dietary changes to reduce fat intake.


Now let’s also look at the drugs that are prescribed by the “lipid theory”
to lower cholesterol numbers and reduce the formation of plaque:

The origin of cholesterol lowering drugs is no testimony to the ingenuity and
innovation of drug companies. Despite enjoying an unprecedented surge of
momentum in popularity, these drugs, called statins, are nothing more than an
isolated poison derived from the fungus known as red yeast rice (Monascus
purpurus). In a natural response to the threat of a predator, red yeast produces
the drug known as lovastatin (as well as other chemicals).

Commercially, lovastatin is known as Mevacor. It was the first statin drug,
released in 1987 by the U.S. government-influenced company named Merck.
Using a technique known as combinatorial chemistry, other drug companies
have since unleashed their own versions. These versions include Zocor, Lipitor,
Pravachol and Crestor.

As a toxic agent, the consumption of lovastatin via red yeast rice by its
predators leads to sickness and in some cases, death. This is true for humans as
well. Lovastatin’s (and all other statin drugs) toxicity is attributed to its ability to
block cholesterol and CoQ10 production in the liver.

Low levels of cholesterol and CoQ10 limit lifespan in humans. CoQ10 is a
coenzyme necessary for the production of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). ATP is
the source for cellular energy within the human heart. As CoQ10 is diminished,
the heart weakens. Over time, this can result in congestive heart failure (CHF).

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People appear to be so advanced, and yet they are the only species unable to
recognize this simple defence mechanism of red yeast rice. Millions are blindly
consuming statins as an elixir for longevity. Consumption of this poison fungus
has grown worldwide.


Is cholesterol really the villain?

Cholesterol is necessary for life itself and is involved in many important bodily
functions. It is so important that if a person stops eating foods that contain
cholesterol, a feedback mechanism will trigger the liver to manufacture more
cholesterol. Here follows a list of bodily functions that require cholesterol:
• Cholesterol is a precursor of vitamin D in the skin
• Cholesterol is the main component of bile acids, which aid in the digestion
of food, mainly fatty foods.
• Cholesterol plays an integral part in absorption of the essential fat-soluble
vitamins A, D, E and K from our food.
• Cholesterol is necessary for normal growth and development of the brain
and nervous system.
• Cholesterol coats the nerves and makes the transmission of nerve
impulses possible.
• Cholesterol gives skin the ability to shed water.
• Cholesterol is important for normal growth and repair of tissue.
• Cholesterol plays a major role in the transportation of tryglycerides.

Due to the fact that cholesterol supports so man