Jam7 Seminaire Equations aux Derivees Partielles Ecole Polytechnique fevrier expose no XV

Philippe Jaming

Description

Niveau: Supérieur, Doctorat, Bac+8
[Jam7] Seminaire Equations aux Derivees Partielles, Ecole Polytechnique, fevrier 2006, expose no XV. Uncertainty principles for orthonormal bases Philippe JAMING Abstract : In this survey, we present various forms of the uncertainty prin- ciple (Hardy, Heisenberg, Benedicks). We further give a new interpretation of the uncertainty principles as a statement about the time-frequency localiza- tion of elements of an orthonormal basis, which improves previous unpublished results of H. Shapiro. Finally, we show that Benedicks' result implies that solutions of the Shrodinger equation have some (appearently unnoticed) energy dissipation property. Keywords : Uncertainty principles; orthonormal bases AMS subject class : 42B10 1. Introduction The uncertainty principle is a “metamathematical” statement that asserts that a function and its Fourier transfrom can not both be sharply localized. There are various precise mathematical formulations of this general fact, the most well known being those of Hardy and of Heisenberg-Pauli-Weil. It is one of the aims of this survey to present various statements that can be interpreted as uncertainty principles. The reader may find many extensions of the results presented here, other manifestations of the uncertainty principle as well as more references to the vast literature in the surveys [FS, BD] and the book [HJ]. Part of this survey has serious overlaps with these texts. We start with results around Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle and show, following de Bruijn, how this can be proved using the spectral theory of the Hermite Operator.

• heisenberg's uncertainty


• then


• hand side


• fourier transform


• time-frequency plane


• basis


• hermite operator


• heisenberg


• heisenberg-pauli-weil's uncertainty principle

Sujets

• École polytechnique
• Transform
• Fourier transform
• Werner Heisenberg

Informations

• Publié par: profil-zyak-2012
• Publié le: 01 février 2006
• Nombre de lectures: 21
• Langue: English

Extrait

[Jam7]Se´minaireE ´ quationsauxDe´rive´esPartielles,E ´ colePolytechnique,fe´vrier2006,expose´n o XV. Uncertaintyprinciplesfororthonormalbases PhilippeJAMING Abstract:Inthissurvey,wepresentvariousformsoftheuncertaintyprin- ciple(Hardy,Heisenberg,Benedicks).Wefurthergiveanewinterpretationof theuncertaintyprinciplesasastatementaboutthetime-frequencylocaliza- tionofelementsofanorthonormalbasis,whichimprovespreviousunpublished resultsofH.Shapiro. Finally,weshowthatBenedicks’resultimpliesthatsolutionsoftheShro¨dinger equationhavesome(appearentlyunnoticed)energydissipationproperty. Keywords:Uncertaintyprinciples;orthonormalbases AMSsubjectclass:42B10 1. Introduction Theuncertaintyprincipleisa“metamathematical”statementthatassertsthat afunctionanditsFouriertransfromcannotbothbesharplylocalized. Therearevariousprecisemathematicalformulationsofthisgeneralfact,themostwell knownbeingthoseofHardyandofHeisenberg-Pauli-Weil.Itisoneoftheaimsofthis surveytopresentvariousstatementsthatcanbeinterpretedasuncertaintyprinciples.The readermayfindmanyextensionsoftheresultspresentedhere,othermanifestationsofthe uncertaintyprincipleaswellasmorereferencestothevastliteratureinthesurveys[FS,BD] andthebook[HJ].Partofthissurveyhasseriousoverlapswiththesetexts. WestartwithresultsaroundHeisenberg’sUncertaintyPrincipleandshow,followingde Bruijn,howthiscanbeprovedusingthespectraltheoryoftheHermiteOperator.This furthershowsthatHermiteFunctionsare“successiveoptimals”ofHeisenberg’sUncertainty Principle.WecompletethissectionwithanewresultjointwithA.Powell[JamP]thatshows thattheelementsofanorthonormalbasisandtheirFourierTransformshavetheirmeans anddispersionsthatgrowatleastlikethoseoftheHermiteBasis.Thisgivesaquantitative versionofanunpublishedresultbyH.Shapiro(see[Sh1,Sh2]). Inasecondsection,weconsidertheproblemofthejointsmallnessofthesupportand spectrum(supportoftheFourierTransform)ofafunction.Forinstance,itiseasytoshow thatafunctionanditsFourierTransformcannotbothhavecompactsupport.Itwasshown byBenedicks[Be]thatthesameistruewhenoneasksthesupportandspectrumtobeof finitemeasure.Further,itwasindependentlyprovedbyAmreinandBerthier[AB]thatthe L 2 -normofafunctioniscontroledbytheL 2 -normofthefunctionoutsideasetoffinite measureandtheL 2 -normofitsFouriertransformoutsideanothersetoffinitemeasure.We completethesectionbymentioningthecloselyrelatedproblemofenergyconcentrationina compactsetstudiedbyLandau,PollakandSlepianandconcludeitwiththelocaluncertainty principleofFaris,PriceandSitaramandshowhowthisisrelatedtotheprevioussection. Wepursuethepaperbymeasuringconcentrationbythespeedofdecayawayfromthe mean.WefirstsketchanewproofofHardy’sTheoremduetoB.Demange[De].This 591