N° d'ordre Année

Daniel Carey

Description

Niveau: Supérieur, Doctorat, Bac+8
N° d'ordre 2392 Année 2006 THESE présentée pour obtenir le titre de DOCTEUR DE L'INSTITUT NATIONAL POLYTECHNIQUE DE TOULOUSE ET QUEENSLAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Ecole doctorale : Informatique et Télécommunications Spécialité : Réseaux et Télécommunications par Daniel CAREY Statistical Modelling & Reduction of Multiple Access Interference Power in Wideband DS-CDMA & MC-CDMA Communications Systems Soutenue le 14 Novembre 2006 devant le jury composé de : M. Adel Belouchrani, Professeur à l'Ecole Nationale Polytechnique d'Alger Rapporteur Mme. Sylvie Perreau, Institute for Telecommunications Research, Australie Rapporteur Mme. Maryline Hélard, France Telecom R&D Rennes Rapporteur M. Francis Castanie, Professeur INPT Président Mme. Bouchra Senadji, Professeur QUT Brisbane Directeur de Thèse M. Daniel Roviras, Professeur INPT Directeur de Thèse

• mc-cdma


• carrier frequency


• mc-cdma techniques


• ds-cdma


• assigned spreading


• multiple access


• code properties

Sujets

• France Télécom
• Perreau
• MC-CDMA
• Carrier frequency
• Espectro ensanchado por secuencia directa

Informations

• Publié par: profil-zyak-2012
• Nombre de lectures: 19
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 3 Mo

Extrait

N° d’ordre 2392 Année 2006
THESE
présentée
pour obtenir le titre de
DOCTEUR DE L’INSTITUT NATIONAL POLYTECHNIQUE DE
TOULOUSE ET QUEENSLAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Ecole doctorale : Informatique et Télécommunications
Spécialité : Réseaux et Télécommunications
par
Daniel CAREY
Statistical Modelling & Reduction of Multiple
Access Interference Power in Wideband DS-CDMA
& MC-CDMA Communications Systems
Soutenue le 14 Novembre 2006 devant le jury composé de :
M. Adel Belouchrani, Professeur à l’Ecole Nationale Polytechnique d'Alger Rapporteur
Mme. Sylvie Perreau, Institute for Telecommunications Research, Australie Rapporteur
Mme. Maryline Hélard, France Telecom R&D Rennes Rapporteur
M. Francis Castanie, Professeur INPT Président
Mme. Bouchra Senadji, Professeur QUT Brisbane Directeur de Thèse
M. Daniel Roviras, Professeur INPT Directeur de ThèseStatistical Modelling & Reduction of
Multiple Access Interference Power in
Wideband DS-CDMA & MC-CDMA
Communications Systems
Daniel Carey
Thesis submitted as a requirement for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
Signal Processing Research
School of Engineering Systems
Faculty of Built Environment and Engineering
Queensland University of Technology
2006Keywords
Asynchronous Transmission, Bit-Error Rate, Code Division Multiple Access, Direct-
Sequence,Dual-band,MulticarrierModulation,MultipleAccessInterference,Nakagami-
m, Statistical Modelling.
iAbstract
ithcodedivisionmultipleaccess(CDMA)systemsbeingtheprominentmultipleWaccess scheme for the air interface for 3G cellular systems, most standardisation
bodies have based their terrestrial cellular systems on DS-CDMA (W-CDMA, UMTS,
cdma2000). With 4G systems fast approaching, bringing with them improved ser-
vices and quality of service standards, there is growing interest in further investigating
and developing more efficient multiple access techniques such as multicarrier CDMA
(MC-CDMA) systems. MC-CDMA combines multicarrier modulation (MCM), namely
OFDM, with CDMA profiting from the benefits of both multiplexing techniques; as
such, MC-CDMA is emerging as a possible candidate for the air interface multiple
access scheme for 4G cellular systems.
Multiple access interference (MAI) is a limiting factor of CDMA systems in terms of
system capacity as orthogonally designed spreading sequences lose their orthogonality
inthepresenceoftimingmisalignmentsamongstmobilesubscribersinacell; suchisthe
case over the uplink channel. Ensuring orthogonal code properties minimises the MAI
over synchronous environments, however, it is when the users are allowed to transmit
asynchronously, as is the case over the uplink channel, that MAI inflicts significant
performance degradation. In CDMA systems, all subscribers are active on the same
frequency band simultaneously and signal separation is facilitated upon reception via
the properties of the assigned spreading codes. Under asynchronous conditions the
code properties alone do not provide the necessary separation and an additive MAI
term remains in the detection process. In addition to the separation abilities of the
spreading codes, a further method of deciphering the desired subscriber signal from the
interfering subscriber signals is sought.
Inthisthesisweproposeastatisticalmodelforboththeprobabilitydensityfunction
(pdf) of the total MAI power and the corresponding bit-error rate (BER) observed
during asynchronous CDMA transmission. The modelling offers the full statistic the
MAIpowerandresultingBER,notjustthefirstandsecondorderstatistics. Inaddition
to statistically quantifying the MAI power, the thesis also proposes a technique for the
iiAbstract iii
successful reduction of MAI caused by asynchronous transmission. This interference
reduction technique is derived from an ambiguity domain analysis of the asynchronous
CDMA detection problem and its application to both the DS-CDMA and MC-CDMA
multiplexing techniques is presented and the results show significant MAI reduction,
and thus an improved the BER.
A methodology for the approximation of the total MAI power pdf and the result-
ing BER pdf is proposed for the asynchronous DS-CDMA and MC-CDMA techniques.
This methodology is derived for the use of Walsh-Hadamard (WH) and Gold spread-
ing sequences, however, it is applicable to any given set of deterministic spreading
sequences. The total MAI power pdfs of both systems are statistically modelled as
being Nakagami-m distributed and the corresponding BER modelling is derived from
the formulation offering the full statistic of both the incurred MAI power
and the achievable BER.
The proposed pdf acquisition methodology and statistical models can be used as
analysis tools to assess the relative performances of the DS-CDMA and MC-CDMA
techniques for a variety of communications environments. Here the asynchronous up-
link channel is considered in the absence of fading and the results show a clear distinc-
tion between the BER performances of the MC-CDMA and DS-CDMA systems, for
whichtheMC-CDMAsystemoffersasuperiorperformanceforthepurelyasynchronous
channel considered. The results suggest a higher resistance to MAI in the MC-CDMA
technique in comparison to the DS-CDMA system for the considered transmission sce-
nario.
Following ambiguity function analysis of the asynchronous CDMA detection prob-
lem, the concept of dual-frequency switching is introduced to the existing DS-CDMA
and MC-CDMA techniques giving rise to the proposed dual-frequency
(DF/DS-CDMA) and dual-frequency MC-CDMA (DF/MC-CDMA) schemes. Peri-
odically switching the carrier frequency between dual frequency bands at consecutive
symbol boundaries facilitates partial CDMA signal separation upon asynchronous re-
ception. Such switching of the carrier frequency induces a separation in frequency
between offset interference signals and the reference signal; this is equivalent to shifting
the energy concentration of the interference signals away form the ambiguity domain
origin (representing the decision variable of the matched filter). Further MAI reduction
is demonstrated through careful design of the dual carrier frequencies.
The newly proposed DF systems clearly outperform the standard DS-CDMA and
MC-CDMA systems when adopting equivalent spreading factors. The DF/DS-CDMA
technique in particular achieves the most MAI reduction and in doing so, surpasses
all other considered techniques to offer the best BER performance for the purelyiv Abstract
asynchronous channel considered. In terms of bandwidth usage, the DF/DS-CDMA
bandwidth is 1.5 times that of the DF/MC-CDMA system and from the BER results
presented, one may argue that offers the better BER given the band-
width usage. The multicarrier systems presented, MC-CDMA and DF/MC-CDMA,
offer attractive BER performances for the bandwidth used and it is concluded that
MC-CDMA is a genuine candidate for the uplink air interface multiple access scheme
for future mobile cellular technologies.Contents
Keywords i
Abstract ii
Acronyms and Abbreviations xiii
Authorship xv
Acknowledgments xvi
List of Publications xviii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 The Evolution of Mobile Cellular Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 First Generation Tec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.2 Second Cellular Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.3 Third Generation Tec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.4 Fourth Cellular Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2 Existing Work and Thesis Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.1 Bit-Error Rate Approximations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.2 Multicarrier Systems Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2.3 Thesis Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3 Original Thesis Contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.4 Outline of the Thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2 Multiple Access Schemes 14
2.1 Direct-Sequence Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA) . . . . . . 14
2.1.1 Spreading Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.2 Channel Modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2.1 Channel Fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
vvi CONTENTS
2.2.2 Synchronous Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.2.3 Async T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.3 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.3.1 Guard Interval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.4 Multicarrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) . . . . . . . . 29
2.4.1 MC-CDMA: N =N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30s
2.4.2 N >N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30s
3 Signal Modelling 34
3.1 System Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.1.1 DS-CDMA Signal Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.1.2 MC-CDMA Signal Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4 Statistical Modelling of Interference Power 41
4.1 Multiple Access Interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.2 Access In Power . . . .