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Shostakovich: The Man, his Music, and his Times
Russian 330: Fall 2006 Lecture 25: Symphony #14
Symphony #14 (op. 135)
Completed in March 1969. Dedicated to Benjamin Britten Premiered in September of that year. 11 poems by four poets – Onlyone is Russian: Federica Garcia Lorca Guillaume Apollinaire Wilhelm Kjuxel’beker Rainer Maria Rilke – The10 form a unit, and the 11th is an epilogue. Can be performed in original languages or in translation. Two solists (soprano and bass), small chamber orchestra, and percussion. percussion section includes wood block, castanets, whip, soprano, alto and tenor tom-toms, xylophone, campane, vibraphone, and celesta. Interestingly, the percussion section does not include the usual percussion instruments. Not really a symphony, but not worth arguing about the genre. A lot of twelve-tone characteristics, but not completely atonal. Certainly not serial (pitches in a single row may repeat).
Overall structure
1.De profundis, Adagio, Federico Garcia Lorca. Bass. (4’45”) 2.Malagueña, Allegretto. Lorca. Soprano. (2’37”) 3.Lorelei, Allegro molto, Adagio, Klemens Apollinaire after Brentano. Soprano and Bass.(8’34”) 4.Suicide, Adagio, Guillaume Apollinaire. Soprano. (6’46”) 5.On guard, Allegretto, Apollinaire. Soprano. (2’58) 6.Madame, look!Adagio, Apollinaire. Soprano and Bass. (1’51”) 7.In Sante prison, Adagio, Apollinaire. Bass. 8.The reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks to the Sultan of Constantinopol, Allegro, Apollinaire. Bass. 9.O Del’vig, Del’vigAndante, Wilhelm Kjuxel’beker Bass. 10.Death of a poet, Largo, Rainer Maria Rilke. Soprano. 11.Conclusion. Moderato. Rilke. Soprano and bass duet
Theme
Wanted to address death directly. Was in somewhat of a long-term depression (63 years old). All of the poets died an unnaturally early death, and Kuchel’beker’s poem is about a Russian poet Del’vig who died early as well. He specifically rejects the quasi-religious view of death as a beginning, as liberation, and treats it as an unalloyed negative, dark and pessimistic. (Solzhenitsyn in particular criticized him). Very little `publicistic’ about it, as in 13th symphony.
Background
Prototypes: – Songs and dances of death of Musorgskij – Song of the Earth by Mahler. Influences: –War Requiem(1962) by Benjamin Britten –Paroles tissees(1965) by Lutoslawski (very similar orchestration) –Dies irae(1967) Penderecki –Requiem Canticles(1967) Stravinsk
Federico Garcia Lorca Poems 1 and 2
1898-1936. Murdered by the nationalists at the beginning of the Spanish Civil War. One of th Spain’s most highly revered poets of the 20 century and its numero uno dramatist since the Golden Age. From Andalusia. His work was banned by Franco until 1953, when some of his work was permitted in censored form. (hmmm, sound familiar? Could DS relate?)
1. De profundis*
1. De profundis The hundred lovers Sleep forever Under the dry earth. Andalusia has Long roads of red earth. Cordova, green olive trees Amongst which to place a hundred crosses in memory of them. The hundred lovers sleep forever.
De profundis(literally "from the depths") are the first two words of the Latin translation of psalm 129 utilized in the Catholic mass:De profundis clamavi ad te Domine(From the depths, I cried to you, Lord!)
2. Malagueña
Death moves in and out of the tavern ... Black horses and sinister people traverse the deep paths of the guitar The seascape offers a picture of frenzied spikenards smelling of salt and blood. Death moves in and out ... ... of the tavern
A Malagueña is a woman living in the Spanish port city of Málaga, on the southern coast of Spain, in the province of Andalusia.
Guillaume Apollinaire (1880-1918) Parts 3-8
BornWilhelm Albert Vladimir Apollinaris Kostrowitzkyin Rome His mother, born Angelica Kostrowicka, was a Pole of noble origin born near Nowogródek (now in Belarus), where Adam Mickiewicz was born. His father is unknown Raised speaking French, among other languages, he emigrated to France and adopted the nameGuillaume Apollinaire. Invented the term `surrealism’ and wrote the one of the first surrealist works, a play (1917). Two years after being w ounded in WWII, he died of Spanish flu in a pandemic.
4. The Suicide
The suicide (samoubiica) Three tall lilies, three tall lilies on my grave without a cross. Three tall lilies gold-dusted tossed by the wind Watered only by showers. from the black sky majestic and beautiful as scepters of kings. One springs from my wound and when touched by a ray rises bloodstained it is the lily of fear
Three tall lilies, three tall lilies on my grave without a cross three tall lilies gold-dusted tossed by the wind Another springs from my heart which suffers on the bed where it is gnawed by worms the other springs from my mouth Upon my isolated grave all three stand solitary, solitary and cursed I believe like me Three tall lilies three tall lilies on my grave without a cross.
5. On guard.
He who will die in the trenches tonight Is a little soldier whose indifferent eye gazes all day on the concrete defences where last night’s glorious trophies are impaled. He who will die in the trenches tonight is a little soldier my brother and my lover And since he must die I want to be beautiful I want my naked breasts to light the torches I want my big eyes to melt the frozen lake and I want my thighs to become tombs for since he must die
I want to be beautiful in incest and death These two acts of such beauty cows at sunset chew up all their roses the bluebird’s wing softly brushes me this is the hour of love’s ardent neuroses this is the hour of death and of the last promise He who will perish as the roses die is a little soldier my brother and my lover.
6. On guard II
-But madam, listen to me You have dropped something -My heart, nothing important Then pick it up I have given it and reclaimed it It was down there in the trenches It is here I snap my fingers at the great loves That death has mowed down.
8. Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks to the Sultan in Constaninople (1676)
Ilya Repin (1880-91).
Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks to the Sultan in Constaninople
More criminal than Barabbas Horned like the Evil Angels What Beelzebub are you down there, Fed on garbage and dirt
We shall not come to your sabbath, Stinking fish of Salonika, Long chain of fearful nights of eyes gouged out with pikes.
Your mother farted in a funk And you were born of her colic Executioner of Podolia, lover of wounds, ulcers and scabs, Snout of a pig’s ass of a mare
Hold on to all your riches To pay for your medication.
Wilhelm Küchelbecker 1797-1846 Part 9
During the doomed Decembrist Uprising, he made an attempt on the life of the tsar's brother Michael. Kuchelbecker was sentenced to corporal punishment which was commuted to imprisonment in various fortresses. He died in Siberia from tuberculosis.
9. O Delvig, Delvig!
O Delvig, Delvig! What reward is there for noble deeds and verse? Where and what is the joy in talent amongst villains and fools? In Juvenal's austere hand the dreaded lash whistles at the villains and wipes the color from their cheeks. The power of the tyrants trembled
O Delvig, Delvig, what is persecution? Immortality is the reward both of valiant, inspired deeds and of sweet singing! Thus our union will not die, proud, joyful and free! In happiness and grief, firm is the union of lovers of the eternal Muse!
Rainer Maria Rilke (1875-1926) Parts 10 and 11
Great German-lg. poet. of 20th century. Born in Prague (was Austrian citizen). Died of leukemia.
10. Death of a poet
He lay. His upturned face was now pale and withdrawn on the sloping pillow. since the world and all his worldly wisdom, ripped from his mind, had reverted to the indifferent year. Those who saw him alive never knew how much he was at one with all of this, and this: these depths, these meadowlands and waters were his face. All that broad horizon was his face, which even now still desires and woos him. The taut visage, haunted now by death, is tender and open like the inner flesh of a fruit rotting in the air.
11. Conclusion
Death is immense. Laughing We belong to him. When we think we are in the midst of life He dares to weep In our midst. -Rilke
Finit
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