Canada

John George Bourinot

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• Publié par: phaul
• Publié le: 08 décembre 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 32
• Langue: English

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The Project Gutenberg EBook of Canada, by J. G. Bourinot This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net Title: Canada Author: J. G. Bourinot Release Date: September 10, 2007 [EBook #22557] Language: English *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CANADA *** Produced by Al Haines THE HON. W. L. MACKENZIE KING, PRIME MINISTER OF CANADA THE HON. W. L. MACKENZIE KING, PRIME MINISTER OF CANADA CANADABy SIR J. G. BOURINOT K.C.M.G., LL.D., LIT.D. SOMETIME CLERK OF THE CANADIAN HOUSE OF COMMONS; HONORARY SECRETARY OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA; DOCTEUR-ÈS-LETTRES OF LAVAL UNIVERSITY; HONORARY MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY NEW AND REVISED EDITION, WITH ADDITIONAL CHAPTER BY WILLIAM H. INGRAM, B.A. T. FISHER UNWIN LTD LONDON: ADELPHI TERRACE First Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1897 Second Impression . . . . . . . . . . . 1901 Second Edition (Third Impression) . . . 1908 Third Edition (Fourth Impression) . . . 1922 Copyright by T. Fisher Unwin, 1897 (for Great Britain) Copyright by G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1897 (For the United States of America). [Transcriber's note: Page numbers in this book are indicated by numbers enclosed in curly braces, e.g. {99}. They have been located where page breaks occurred in the original book, in accordance with Project Gutenberg's FAQ-V-99. For its Index, a page number has been placed only at the start of that section. In the HTML version of this book, page numbers are placed in the left margin.] I DEDICATE THIS STORY OF CANADA BY PERMISSION TO HER EXCELLENCY THE COUNTESS OF ABERDEEN WHO HAS WON THE ESTEEM AND AFFECTION OF ALL CLASSES OF THE CANADIAN PEOPLE BY THE EARNESTNESS WITH WHICH SHE HAS IDENTIFIED HERSELF WITH EVERY MOVEMENT AFFECTING THE SOCIAL AND INTELLECTUAL PROGRESS OF THE NEW DOMINION PREFATORY NOTEIn writing this story of Canada I have not been able to do more, within the limited space at my command, than briefly review those events which have exercised the most influence on the national development of the Dominion of Canada from the memorable days bold French adventurers made their first attempts at settlement on the banks of the beautiful basin of the Annapolis, and on the picturesque heights of Quebec, down to the establishment of a Confederation which extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. Whilst the narrative of the French régime, with its many dramatic episodes, necessarily occupies a large part of this story, I have not allowed myself to forget the importance that must be attached to the development of institutions of government and their effect on the social, intellectual, and material conditions of the people since the beginning of the English régime. Though this story, strictly speaking, ends with the successful accomplishment of the federal union of all the provinces in 1873, when Prince Edward Island became one of its members, I have deemed it necessary to refer briefly to those events which have happened since that time—the second half-breed rebellion of 1885, for instance—and have had much effect on the national spirit of the people. I endeavour to interest my reader in the public acts of those eminent men whose names stand out most prominently on the pages of history, and have made the deepest impress on the fortunes and institutions of the Dominion. In the performance of this task I have always consulted original authorities, but have not attempted to go into any historical details except those which are absolutely necessary to the intelligent understanding of the great events and men of Canadian annals. I have not entered into the intrigues and conflicts which have been so bitter and frequent during the operation of parliamentary government in a country where politicians are so numerous, and statesmanship is so often hampered and government injuriously affected by the selfish interests of party, but have simply given the conspicuous and dominant results of political action since the concession of representative institutions to the provinces of British North America. A chapter is devoted, at the close of the historical narrative, to a very brief review of the intellectual and material development of the country, and of the nature of its institutions of government. A survey is also given of the customs and conditions of the French Canadian people, so that the reader outside of the Dominion may have some conception of their institutions and of their influence on the political, social, and intellectual life of a Dominion, of whose population they form so important and influential an element. The illustrations are numerous, and have been carefully selected from various sources, not accessible to the majority of students, with the object, not simply of pleasing the general reader, but rather of elucidating the historical narrative. A bibliographical note has also been added of those authorities which the author has consulted in writing this story, and to which the reader, who wishes to pursue the subject further, may most advantageously refer. HOUSE OF COMMONS, OTTAWA, Dominion Day, 1896. PUBLISHER'S NOTE. Owing to the passing of Sir John Bourinot, the revisions necessary to bring this work up to date had to be entrusted to another hand. Accordingly, Mr. William H. Ingram has kindly undertaken the task, and has contributed the very judiciously selected information now embodied in Chapter XXX. on the recent development of Canada. Chapter XXVIII. by Mr. Edward Porritt, author of Sixty Years of Protection in Canada, has also been included, as being indicative of the history of the time he describes. Mr. Ingram has also made other revisions of considerable value. 1, ADELPHI TERRACE. March, 1922. CONTENTS PAGE BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE xix I. 1 INTRODUCTION--THE CANADIAN DOMINION FROM OCEAN TO OCEAN II. 19 THE DAWN OF DISCOVERY IN CANADA (1497-1525) III. 29 A BRETON SAILOR DISCOVERS CANADA AND ITS GREAT RIVER (1534-1536) IV. 44 FROM CARTIER TO DE MONTS (1540-1603)V. 51 THE FRENCH OCCUPATION OF ACADIA AND THE FOUNDATION OF PORT ROYAL (1604-1614) VI. 67 SAMUEL CHAMPLAIN IN THE VALLEY OF THE ST. LAWRENCE (1608-1635) VII. 92 GENTLEMEN-ADVENTURERS IN ACADIA (1614-1677) VIII. 110 THE CANADIAN INDIANS AND THE IROQUOIS: THEIR ORGANISATION, CHARACTER, AND CUSTOMS IX. 129 CONVENTS AND HOSPITALS--VILLE-MARIE--MARTYRED MISSIONARIES--VICTORIOUS IROQUOIS-- HAPLESS HURONS (1635-1652) X. 146 YEARS OF GLOOM--THE KING COMES TO THE RESCUE OF CANADA--THE IROQUOIS HUMBLED (1652-1667) XI. 156 CANADA AS A ROYAL PROVINCE--CHURCH AND STATE (1663-1759) XII. 168 THE PERIOD OF EXPLORATION AND DISCOVERYH--PRIESTS, FUR-TRADERS, AND Coureurs de Bois IN THE WEST (1634-1687) XIII. 177 THE PERIOD OF EXPLORATION AND DISCOVERY--FRANCE IN THE VALLEY OF THE MISSISSIPPI (1672-1687) XIV. 192 CANADA AND ACADIA--FROM FRONTENAC TO THE TREATY OF UTRECHT (1672-1713) XV. 210 ACADIA AND ÎLE ROYALE--FROM THE TREATY OF UTRECHT TO THE TREATY OF AIX-LA-CHAPELLE (1713- 1748) XVI. 221 THE STRUGGLE FOR DOMINION IN THE GREAT VALLEYS OF NORTH AMERICA--PRELUDE (1748-1756) XVII. 237 THE STRUGGLE FOR DOMINION IN THE GREAT VALLEYS OF NORTH AMERICA--ENGLISH REVERSES AND FRENCH VICTORIES--FALL OF LOUISBOURG AND FORT DUQUESNE (1756-1758) XVIII. 247 THE STRUGGLE FOR DOMINION IN THE VALLEY OF THE ST. LAWRENCE--CANADA IS WON BY WOLFE ON THE PLAINS OF ABRAHAM (1759-1763) XIX. 267 A PERIOD OF TRANSITION--PONTIAC'S WAR--THE QUEBEC ACT (1760-1774) XX. 280 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION--INVASION OF CANADA--DEATH OF MONTGOMERY--PEACE (1774-1783) XXI. 291 COMING OF THE LOYALISTS (1783-1791)XXII. 302 FOUNDATION OF NEW PROVINCES--ESTABLISHMENT OF REPRESENTATIVE INSTITUTIONS (1792-1812) XXIII. 316 THE WAR OF 1812-1815--PATRIOTISM OF THE CANADIANS XXIV. 338 POLITICAL STRIFE AND REBELLION (1815-1840) XXV. 361 RESPONSIBLE GOVERNMENT AND ITS RESULTS--FEDERAL UNION--RELATIONS BETWEEN CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES (1839-1867) XXVI. 380 END OF THE RULE OF FUR TRADERS--ACQUISITION OF THE NORTHWEST--FORMATION OF MANITOBA-- RIEL'S REBELLIONS--THE INDIANS (1670-1885) XXVII. 404 BRITISH COLUMBIA AND PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND ENTER THE UNION--NATIONAL EVENTS SINCE 1867-- MAKERS OF THE DOMINION (1867-1891) XXVIII. 414 CANADA AS A NATION--MATERIAL AND INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT--POLITICAL RIGHTS XXIX. 434 FRENCH CANADA XXX. 457 RECENT DEVELOPMENT OF CANADA 484 INDEX LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS [Transcriber's note: The page numbers below are those in the original book. However, in this e-book, to avoid the splitting of paragraphs, the illustrations may have been moved to preceding or following pages.] PAGE THE HON. W. L. MACKENZIE KING Frontispiece Courtesy "Canada." VIEW OF CAPE TRINITY ON THE LAURENTIAN RANGE 9 From a photograph by Topley, Ottawa. ROCKY MOUNTAINS AT DONALD, BRITISH COLUMBIA 13 From Sir W. Van Horne's Collection of B. C. photographs. UPPER END OF FRASER CAÑON, BRITISH COLUMBIA 15 Ibid. SKETCH OF JUAN DE LA COSA'S MAP, A.D. 1500 25 From Dr. S. E. Dawson's "Cabot Voyages," in Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., 1894.* To explain these dates it is necessary to note that Champlain lived for years in one of the buildings of the Fort of Saint Louis which he first erected, and the name château is often applied to that structure; but the château, properly so-called, was not commenced until 1647, and it as well as its successors was within the limits of the fort. It was demolished in 1694 by Governor Frontenac, who rebuilt it on the original foundations, and it was this castle which, in a remodelled and enlarged form, under the English régime, lasted until 1834. PORTRAIT OF JACQUES CARTIER 31 From B. Sulte's "Histoire des Canadiens-Français" (Montreal, 1882-'84). ANCIENT HOCHELAGA 39 From Ramusio's "Navigationi e Viaggi" (Venice, 1565). THE "DAUPHIN MAP" OF CANADA, circa 1543, SHOWING CARTIER'S DISCOVERIES 44 From collection of maps in Parliamentary Library