Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Part 1, Slice 1

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• Publié le: 08 décembre 2010
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The Project Gutenberg EBook of Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Part 1, Slice 1, by Various This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net Title: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Part 1, Slice 1 Author: Various Release Date: October 8, 2004 [EBook #13600] [Date last updated: February 22, 2005] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA, *** Produced by Robinson Curriculum, Don Kretz, and the PG Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net THE ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA A DICTIONARY OF ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL INFORMATION ELEVENTH EDITION VOLUME II ANDROS to AUSTRIA [E-Text Edition of Volume II - Part 01 of 16 - ANDROS to ANISE] New York FIRST edition, published in three volumes, 17681771. 1777- SECOND THIRD FOURTH FIFTH SIXTH SEVENTH EIGHTH NINTH TENTH edition, published in ten volumes, edition, published in eighteen volumes, edition, published in twenty volumes, edition, published in twenty volumes, edition, published in twenty volumes, edition, published in twenty-one volumes, edition, published in twenty-two volumes, edition, published in twenty-five volumes, edition, ninth edition and eleven supplementary volumes, ELEVENTH edition, published in twenty-nine volumes, 17771784. 17881797. 18011810. 18151817. 18231824. 18301842. 18531860. 18751889. 19021903. 19101911. INITIALS USED IN VOLUME II. TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTORS, WITH THE HEADINGS OF THE ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED. [Note: Listing adjusted to E-Text Edition of Volume II, Part 01. The full list of contributors appear in the complete E-text Edition of Volume II. A complete list of all contributors to the encyclopædia, appears in the final volume.] A. B. R. ALFRED BARTON RENDLE, F.R S F.L.S. D.Sc. Keeper of the Department of Botany, British Museum. ANGIOSPERMS (in part); ANGLO-SAXON CHRONICLE C. Pl. REV. CHARLES PLUMMER, M.A. Fellow of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Ford's Lecturer, 1901. Author of Life and Times of Alfred the Great; &c. E. O. EDMUND OWEN, M.B., F.R.C.S., LL.D., ANEURYSM D.SC. Consulting Surgeon to St Mary's Hospital, London, and to the Children's Hospital, Great Ormond Street. Late Examiner in Surgery at the Universities of Cambridge, Durham and London. Author of A Manual of Anatomy for Senior Students. HECTOR MUNRO CHADWICK, M.A. Fellow ANGLI; ANGLOand Librarian of Clare College, Cambridge. SAXONS Author of Studies on Anglo-Saxon Institutions. HUGH SHERINGHAM. Angling Editor of The ANGLING H. M. C. H. Sm. I. B. B. Field(London). ISAAC BAYLEY BALFOUR, F.R.S., M.D. ANGIOSPERMS( in King's Botanist in Scotland. Regius Keeper of part). Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Professor of Botany in the University of Edinburgh. Regius Professor of Botany in the University of Glasgow, 1879-1884. Sherardian Professor of Botany in the University of Oxford, 18841888. JOHN GEORGE CLARK ANDERSON, M.A. ANGORA Student, Censor and Tutor of Christ Church, Oxford. Craven Fellow, 1896. Formerly Fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford. Joint-author of Studica Pontica. LEONARD JAMES SPENCER, M.A., F.G.S. Department of Mineralogy, British Museum. Formerly Scholar of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, and Harkness Scholar. Editor of the Mineralogical Magazine. LOUIS MAURICE BRANDIN, M.A. Fielden Professor of French and of Romance Philology in the University of London. ANHYDRITE J. G. C. A. L. J. S. L. M. Br. ANGLO-NORMAN LITERATURE N. W. NORTHCOTE WHITBRIDGE THOMAS, M.A. ANIMAL-WORSHIP, Government Anthropologist to Southern T. ANIMISM Nigeria. Corresponding Member of the Societe d'Anthropologie de Paris. Author of Thought Transference ; Kinship and Marriage in Australia; &c. P. C. M. PETER CHALMERS MITCHELL, F.R.S., ANIMAL F.Z.S., D.Sc., LL.D. Secretary to the Zoological Society of London from 1903. University Demonstrator in Comparative Anatomy and Assistant to Linacre Professor at Oxford, 1888-1891. Lecturer on Biology at Charing Cross Hospital, 1892-1894; at London Hospital, 1894. Examiner in Biology to the Royal College of Physicians, 18921896, 1901-1903. Examiner in Zoology to the University of London, 1903. PHILIP CHESNEY YORKE, M.A. Magdalen College, Oxford. ANGLESEY, 1st EARL OF P. C. Y. P. Vi. PAUL VINOGRADOFF, D.C.L. (Oxford), LL.D. ANGLO-SAXON LAW (Cambridge and Harvard). Corpus Professor of Jurisprudence in the University of Oxford. Fellow of the British Academy. Honorary Professor of History in the University of Moscow. Author of Villainage in England; English Society in the 11th Century ; &c. T. Ba. SIR THOMAS BARCLAY, M.P. Member of the ANGARY Institute of International Law. Member of the Supreme Council of the Congo Free State. Officer of the Legion of Honour. Author of Problems of International Practice and Diplomacy ; &c. M.P. for Blackburn, 1910. W. H. WILLIAM HENRY BENNETT, M.A., D.D., ANGEL D.LITT. (Cantab.). Professor of Old Testament Be. Exegesis in New and Hackney Colleges, London. Formerly Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge. Lecturer in Hebrew at Firth College, Sheffield. Author of Religion of the Post-Exilic Prophets; &c. W. H. WILLIAM HENRY DINES, F.R.S. Di. W. M. WILLIAM MICHAEL ROSSETTI. See the biographical article: ROSSETTI, DANTE R. GABRIEL. ANEMOMETER ANGELICO, FRA PRINCIPAL UNSIGNED ARTICLES Anglican Communion. Angola. [Note regarding E-text HTML edition: Volume and page numbers have been incorporated into the text each page as: v.02 p.0001] [v.02 p.0001] ANDROS, SIR EDMUND (1637-1714), English colonial governor in America, was born in London on the 6th of December 1637, son of Amice Andros, an adherent of Charles I., and the royal bailiff of the island of Guernsey. He served for a short time in the army of Prince Henry of Nassau, and in 1660-1662 was gentleman in ordinary to the queen of Bohemia (Elizabeth Stuart, daughter of James I. of England). He then served against the Dutch, and in 1672 was commissioned major in what is said to have been the first English regiment armed with the bayonet. In 1674 he became, by the appointment of the duke of York (later James II.), governor of New York and the Jerseys, though his jurisdiction over the Jerseys was disputed, and until his recall in 1681 to meet an unfounded charge of dishonesty and favouritism in the collection of the revenues, he proved himself to be a capable administrator, whose imperious disposition, however, rendered him somewhat unpopular among the colonists. During a visit to England in 1678 he was knighted. In 1686 he became governor, with Boston as his capital, of the "Dominion of New England," into which Massachusetts (including Maine), Plymouth, Rhode Island, Connecticut and New Hampshire were consolidated, and in 1688 his jurisdiction was extended over New York and the Jerseys. But his vexatious interference with colonial rights and customs aroused the keenest resentment, and on the 18th of April 1689, soon after news of the arrival of William, prince of Orange, in England reached Boston, the colonists deposed and arrested him. In New York his deputy, Francis Nicholson, was soon afterwards deposed by Jacob Leisler (q.v.); and the inter-colonial union was dissolved. Andros was sent to England for trial in 1690, but was immediately released without trial, and from 1692 until 1698 he was governor of Virginia, but was recalled through the agency of Commissary James Blair (q.v.), with whom he quarrelled. In 1693-1694 he was also governor of Maryland. From 1704 to 1706 he was governor of Guernsey. He died in London in February 1714 and was buried at St. Anne's, Soho. See The Andros Tracts (3 vols., Boston, 1869-1872). ANDROS, or ANDRO, an island of the Greek archipelago, the most northerly of the Cyclades, 6 m. S.E. of Euboea, and about 2 m. N. of Tenos; it forms an eparchy in the modern kingdom of Greece. It is nearly 25 m. long, and its greatest breadth is 10 m. Its surface is for the most part mountainous, with many fruitful and well-watered valleys. Andros, the capital, on the east coast, contains about 2000 inhabitants. The ruins of Palaeopolis, the ancient capital, are on the west coast; the town possessed a famous temple, dedicated to Bacchus. The island has about 18,000 inhabitants. The island in ancient times contained an Ionian population, perhaps with an admixture of Thracian blood. Though originally dependent on Eretria, by the 7th century B.C. it had become sufficiently prosperous to send out several colonies to Chalcidice (Acanthus, Stageirus, Argilus, Sane). In 480 it supplied ships to Xerxes and was subsequently harried by the Greek fleet. Though enrolled in the Delian League it remained disaffected towards Athens, and in 447 had to be coerced by the settlement of a cleruchy. In 411 Andros proclaimed its freedom and in 408 withstood an Athenian attack. As a member of the second Delian League it was again controlled by a garrison and an archon. In the Hellenistic period Andros was contended for as a frontier-post by the two naval powers of the Aegean Sea, Macedonia and Egypt. In 333 it received a Macedonian garrison from Antipater; in 308 it was freed by Ptolemy I. In the Chremonidean War (266-263) it passed again to Macedonia after a battle fought off its shores. In 200 it was captured by a combined Roman, Pergamene and Rhodian fleet, and remained a possession of Pergamum until the dissolution of that kingdom in 133 B.C. Before falling under Turkish rule, Andros was from A.D. 1207 till 1566 governed by the families Zeno and Sommariva under Venetian protection. ANDROTION (c. 350 B.C.), Greek orator, and one of the leading politicians of his time, was a pupil of Isocrates and a contemporary of Demosthenes. He is known to us chiefly from the speech of Demosthenes, in which he w