Filipino Popular Tales

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The Project Gutenberg EBook of Filipino Popular Tales, by Dean S. Fansler

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Title: Filipino Popular Tales

Author: Dean S. Fansler

Release Date: December 9, 2008 [EBook #8299]

Language: English

Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1

*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FILIPINO POPULAR TALES ***

Produced by Jeroen Hellingman

Filipino Popular Tales

Collected and Edited with

Comparative Notes

By Dean S. Fansler , Ph. D.

Lancaster, PA., and New York:

Published by the American Folk-Lore Society. G. E. Stechert & Co., New York, Agents. 1921

Preface.

Copyright, 1921

By The American Folklore Society

All rights reserved.

The folk-tales in this volume, which were collected in the Philippines during the years from 1908 to 1914, have not appeared in print before. They are given to the public now in the hope that they will be no mean or uninteresting addition to the volumes of OrientalMärchenalready in existence. The Philippine archipelago, from the very nature of its geographical position and its political history, cannot but be a significant field to the student of popular stories. Lying as it does at the very doors of China and Japan, connected as it is ethnically with the Malayan and Indian civilizations, Occidentalized as it has been for three centuries and more, it stands at the junction of East and West. It is therefore from this point of view that these tales have been put into a form convenient for reference. Their importance consists in their relationship to the body of world fiction.

The language in which these stories are presented is the language in which they were collected and written down,—English. Perhaps no apology is required for not printing the vernacular herewith; nevertheless an explanation might be made. In the first place, the object in recording these tales has been a literary one, not a linguistic one. In the second place, the

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number of distinctly different languages represented by the originals might be baffling even to the reader interested in linguistics, especially as our method of approach has been from the point of view of cycles of stories, and not from the point of view of the separate tribes telling them. In the third place, the form of prose tales among the Filipinos is not stereotyped; and there is likely to be no less variation between two Visayan versions of the same story, or between a Tagalog and a Visayan, than between the native form and the English rendering. Clearly Spanish would not be a better medium than English: for to-day there is more English than Spanish spoken in the Islands; besides, Spanish never penetrated into the very lives of the peasants, as English penetrates to-day by way of the school-house. I have endeavored to offset the disadvantages of the foreign medium by judicious and painstaking directions to my informants in the writing-down of the tales. Only in very rare cases was there any modification of the original version by the teller, as a concession to Occidental standards. Whatever substitutions I have been able to detect I have removed. In practically every case, not only to show that these arebona fidenative stories, but also to indicate their geographical distribution, I have given the name of the narrator, his native town, and his province. In many cases I have given, in addition, the source of his information. I am firmly convinced that all the tales recorded here represent genuine Filipino tradition so far as the narrators are concerned, and that nothing has been “manufactured” consciously.

But what is “native,” and what is “derived”? The folklore of the wild tribes —Negritos, Bagobos, Igorots—is in its way no more “uncontaminated” than that of the Tagalogs, Pampangans, Zambals, Pangasinans, Ilocanos, Bicols, and Visayans. The traditions of these Christianized tribes present as survivals, adaptations, modifications, fully as many puzzling and fascinating problems as the popular lore of the Pagan peoples. It should be remembered, that, no matter how wild and savage and isolated a tribe may be, it is impossible to prove that there has been no contact of that tribe with the outside civilized world. Conquest is not necessary to the introduction of a story or belief. The crew of a Portuguese trading-vessel with a genial narrator on board might conceivably be a much more successful transmitting-medium than a thousandpraosfull of brown warriors come to stay. Clearly the problem of analyzing and tracing the story-literature of the Christianized tribes differs only in degree from that connected with the Pagan tribes. In this volume I have treated the problem entirely from the former point of view, since there has been hitherto a tendency to neglect as of small value the stories of the Christianized peoples. However, for illustrative material I have drawn freely on works dealing with the non- Christian tribes, particularly in the case of stories that appear to be native; and I shall use the term “native” to mean merely “existent in the Islands before the Spaniards went there.”

In the notes, I have attempted to answer for some of the tales the question as to what is native and what imported. I have not been able to reach a decision in the case of all, because of a lack of sufficient evidence. While the most obvious sources of importation from the Occident have been Spain and Portugal, the possibility of the introduction of French, Italian, and even Belgian stories through the medium of priests of those nationalities must not be overlooked. Furthermore, there is a no inconsiderable number of Basque sailors to be found on the small inter-

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island steamers that connect one end of the archipelago with the other. Even a very cursory glance at the tales in this collection reveals the fact that many of them are more or less close variants and analogues of tales distributed throughout the world. How or when this material reached the Philippines is hard to say. The importation of Arabian stories, for example, might have been made over many routes. The Hindoo beast-tales, too, might have quite circled the globe in their progress from east to west, and thus have been introduced to the Filipinos by the Spaniards and Portuguese. Again, the germs of a number of widespreadMärchenmay have existed in the archipelago long before the arrival of the Europeans, and, upon the introduction of Occidental civilization and culture, have undergone a development entirely consistent with the development that took place in Europe, giving us as a result remarkably close analogues of the Western tales. This I suspect to have been the case of some of our stories where, parallel with the localized popular versions, exist printed romances (in the vernacular) with the mediaeval flavor and setting of chivalry. To give a specific case: the Visayans, Bicols, and Tagalogs in the coast towns feared the raids of Mindanao Mussulmans long before white feet trod the shores of the Islands, and many traditions of conflicts with these pirates are embedded in their legends. The Spaniard came in the sixteenth century, bringing with him stories of wars between Christians and Saracens in Europe. One result of this close analogy of actual historical situation was, I believe, a general tendency to levelling: that is, native traditions of such struggles took on the color of the Spanish romances; Spanish romances, on the other hand, which were popularized in the Islands, were very likely to be “localized.” A maximum of caution and a minimum of dogmatism, then, are imperative, if one is to treat at all scientifically the relationship of the stories of a composite people like the Filipinos to the stories of the rest of the world.

A word might be added as to the nature of the tales. I have included only “hero tales, serious and droll,” beast stories and fables, andpourquoior “just-so” stories. Myths, legends, and fairy-tales (including all kinds of spirit and demon stories) I have purposely excluded, in order to keep the size of the volume within reasonable limits. I have, however, occasionally drawn upon my manuscript collection of these types to illustrate a native superstition or custom.

Columbia University,

May, 1918.

Contents.

I.HERO TALES AND DROLLS. 1. (a)Suan’s Good Luck1 (b)Suan Eket2 2.The Charcoal-Maker who became King10

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3.The Story of Carancal17 4. (a)Suac and his Adventures29 (b)The Three Friends,—the Monkey, the Dog, and the Carabao31 5. (a)How Suan became Rich35 (b)The King’s Decisions37 6. (a)The Four Blind Brothers42 (b)Juan the Blind Man43 (c)Teofilo the Hunchback, and the Giant46 (d)Juan and the Buringcantada47 (e)The Manglalabas49 7. (a)Sagacious Marcela53 (b)King Tasio55 8. (a)The Story of Zaragoza64 (b)Juan the Peerless Robber69 9.The Seven Crazy Fellows75 10. (a)Juan Manalaksan79 (b)Juan the Poor, who became Juan the King81 11. (a)Lucas the Strong89 (b)Juan and his Six Companions92 (c)The Story of King Palmarin98 12. (a)The Three Brothers116 (b)Three Brothers of Fortune118 (c) Pablo and the Princess120 (d)Legend of Prince Oswaldo122 13. (a)The Rich and the Poor137 (b)Lucas the Rope-Maker140 14. (a)The King and the Dervish144 (b)The Mysterious Book145 15.The Miraculous Cow150 16.The Clever Husband and Wife152 17.The Three Brothers155 18.Juan and his Adventures171 19.Juan wearing a Monkey’s Skin178 20. (a)How Salaksak became Rich183 (b)Clever Juan and Envious Diego186 (c)Ruined because of Invidiousness188 (d)The Two Friends190 (e)Juan the Orphan192 21.Is he the Crafty Ulysses?197 22.The Reward of Kindness207 23.Pedro and Satan211 24.The Devil and the Guachinango214 25.Juan Sadut223 26.An Act of Kindness227 27.The Indolent Husband231 28.Cecilio, the Servant of Emilio237 29.Chonguita244 30.The Golden Lock248 31.Who is the Nearest Relative?257 32.With One Centavo Juan marries a Princess262 33. (a)The Three Humpbacks265 (b)The Seven Humpbacks267

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II.

34. (a)Respect Old Age271 (b)The Golden Rule271 35.Cochinango276 36.Pedro and the Witch279 37.The Woman and herColesPlant285 38.A Negrito Slave287 39. Alberto and the Monsters291 40.Juan and Maria295 41.The Enchanted Prince301 42.The Prince’s Dream304 43.The Wicked Woman’s Reward309 44.The Magic Ring310 45. (a)Maria and the Golden Slipper314 (b)Abadeja316 46.Juan the Poor319 47.The Fate of an Envious Woman323 48. (a)The Monkey and Juan Pusong Tambi-Tambi326 (b)Andres the Trapper332 49.Juan the Fool338 50.Juan and his Painted Hat353 51.Juan and Clotilde355 52.The Poor Man and his Three Sons359 53.The Denied Mother361 54.Tomarind and the Wicked Datu363 FABLES AND ANIMAL STORIES. 55.The Monkey and the Turtle(three versions) 366 56.The Monkey and the Crocodile(two versions) 374 57.The Monkeys and the Dragon-Flies379 58.The Monkey, the Turtle, and the Crocodile382 59.The Iguana and the Turtle383 60. (a)The Trial among the Animals385 (b)The Pugu’s Case386 (c)Why Mosquitoes hum and try to get into the Holes of our Ears387 (d)A Tyrant388 61.The Greedy Crow391 62.The Humming-Bird and the Carabao393 63.The Camanchile and the Passion394 64.Auac and Lamiran395 “JUST-SO” STORIES. 65.Why the Ant is not so Venomous as the Snake398 66.Why Locusts are Harmful399 67.How Lansones became Edible401 68.Why Cocks fight One Another403 69.Why Bats fly at Night404 70.Why the Sun shines more brightly than the Moon404 71. (a)Why the Culing has a Tonsure407 (b)The Culeto and the Crow407 (c)The Hawk and the Coling408 72. (a)Why the Cow’s Skin is Loose on the Neck410 (b)The First Loose-Skinned Cow and the First Tight-Skinned Carabao411 73.Why the Monkey is Wise412

III.

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74. (a)The Lost Necklace414 (b)The Cock and the Sparrow-Hawk415 75.The Story of our Fingers416 76.Why Snails climb up Grass417 77.Why the Cuttlefish and Squids produce a Black Liquid 419 78.Why Cocks have Combs on their Heads420 79. (a)How the Crow became Black420 (b)Why the Crow is Black421 (c)The Dove and the Crow422 80.Why the Ocean is Salty425 81. (a)Why the Sky is Curved426 (b)Why the Sky is High426 82.An Unequal Match; or, Why the Carabao’s Hoof is split 428

Filipino Stories given in the Notes.

[Only stories from my own manuscript collection are listed here. Titles of those given in full are printed in Roman; of those given merely in abstract, in Italics. A “(C)” after a title indicates that the story is taken from one of the nativecorridos, or metrical romances printed in the vernacular.]

Pedro’s Fortunes15 Pusong23 Cabagboc23 Sandapal23 Sandangcal23 Greedy Juan23 Juan Tapon23 Dangandangan23 Tangarangan23 Kakarangkang29 How Piro became Rich41 The Cripple and the Blind Man51 Marcela outwits the King56 Cay Calabasa(C) 57 Rodolfo(C) 60 Juan and his Six Friends78 Edmundo(C) 87 The Three Brothers127 The Priest and his Pupil148 Abu-Hasan(C) 154 Don Agustin, Don Pedro, and Don Juan(C) 169 The Adarna Bird(C) (two versions) 169 Pedro and the Giants175 The Monkey becomes King182 Juan the Ashes-Trader195 Colassit and Colaskel195

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Juan the Poor202 Juan Bachiller(C) 202 Mabait and the Duende217 The Fortunes of Andoy, an Orphan241 Peter the Violinist241 Duke Almanzor(C) 251 The Seven Hunchbacked Brothers268 Juan and his Father275 Pugut Negro(C) 280 Juan Tiñoso(C) 283 Juan and Maria(C) 298 Pitong299 The Wonderful Tree318 King Asuero and Juan the Poor(C) 322 Ricardo and his Adventures347 Juan and the Robbers348 The Adventure of Two Robbers349 Juan Sadut351 Juan Loco352 The Monkey and the Crocodile377 The Battle between the Birds and the Beasts381 The Bacuit’s Case389 Why the Ant is not so Venomous as the Snake399 The Origin of Locusts399 The Origin of Locusts400 The Adam and Eve of the Tagalogs402 How Lanzones became Edible402 The Sun, the Moon, and the Stars405 The Sun and the Moon406 Origin of the Monkey413 The First Monkey413 The Deer and the Snail429

APPENDIX431

INDEX 447

Bibliography.

[The following list includes only such works as are referred to in abbreviated form in the notes throughout the volume.]

A ARNE , A NTTI . Vergleichende Märchenforschungen. Helsingfors, 1908.

Arabian Nights’ Entertainments. Translated by Sir R ICHARD B URTON . 10 vols., 1885.Supplemental Nights, 6 vols., 1886–88.

Bahar-i-Danush. Translated from the Persian by J ONATHAN S COTT . 3 vols. Shrewsbury, 1799.

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[xv]

Shrewsbury,1799.

B AIN , R. N ISBET . Russian Fairy Tales. From the Skazki of Polevoi. New York, N.D.

B ASILE , G. Pentamerone. Translated by Sir R ICHARD B URTON . 2 vols. London, 1893.

B ATEMAN , G. W. Zanzibar Tales. Chicago, 1901.

B ENFEY , T HEODOR . Pantschatantra: fünf Bücher indischer Fabeln, Märchen und Erzählungen. Aus dem Sanskrit übersetzt, mit Einleitung und Anmerkungen. 2 vols. Leipzig, 1859.

B LUMENTRITT , F ERDINAND . Diccionario mitológico (in Retana’s Archivo del bibliófilo filipino, Vol. 2, Madrid, 1896).

B OLTE (J OHANNES ) UND P OLÍVKA (G EORG ). Anmerkungen zu den Kinder- und Hausmärchen der Brüder Grimm. 2 vols. Leipzig, 1913, 1915. (Cited Bolte-Polívka.)

B OMPAS , C. H.Folklore of the Santal Parganas. London, 1909.

B URTON , Sir R ICHARD . SeeArabian Nights’ Entertainments, andBasile.

(B USK .) Sagas from the Far East; or Kalmouk and Mongolian Traditionary Tales. London, 1873. (Compiled by R ACHEL H ARRIETTE B USK .)

C ABALLERO , F ERNAN . Cuentos y poesias populares Andaluces. Leipzig, 1866. See alsoIngram.

C AMPBELL , A. Santal Folk-Tales. Pokhuria, India, 1891.

C AMPBELL , J. F. Popular Tales of the West Highlands. 4 vols. 1890.

C AMPBELL , K ILLIS . The Seven Sages of Rome. Boston, 1907.

C HILD , F RANCIS J. English and Scottish Popular Ballads. 5 vols. in 10 parts. Boston, 1882–98.

C LOUSTON , W. A.Book of Noodles. London, 1888. (Cited Clouston 1.)

—A Group of Eastern Romances. 1889. Privately printed. (Cited Clouston 2.)

—Popular Tales and Fictions. 2 vols. London, 1888. (Cited Clouston 3.)

C OLE , F AY -C OOPER .Traditions of the Tinguian. Chicago, 1915. (Cited Cole.)

C OLE , M ABEL C OOK .Philippine Folk Tales. Chicago, 1916. (Cited M. C. Cole.)

C OMPARETTI , D. Novelline Popolari Italiane. Rome, 1875.

C OSQUIN , E MMANUEL . Contes Populaires de Lorraine. 2 vols. Paris (1887).

C RANE , T HOMAS F.Italian Popular Tales. Boston, 1885.

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C ROOKE , W. Religion and Folklore of Northern India. 2 vols. Westminster, 1896.

D ÄHNHARDT , O SKAR . Natursagen. Eine Sammlung naturdeutender Sagen, Märchen, Fabeln und Legenden. 4 vols. Leipzig, 1907–12.

D ASENT , G. W.Popular Tales from the Norse. London, N.D. (The London Library.)

D AYRELL , E LPHINSTONE . Folk Stories from Southern Nigeria, West Africa. London, 1910.

D RACOTT , A LICE E. Simla Village Tales. London, 1906.

D UNLOP , J OHN C OLIN . History of Fiction. Edited by H. W ILSON . 2 vols. London, 1896.

E VANS , I VOR H. N. Folk Stories of the Tempassuk and Tuaran Districts, British North Borneo (in the Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 43 [1913] : 422–479). (Cited Evans.)

F ANSLER , H ARRIOTT E. Types of Prose Narratives. Chicago, 1911.

F LEESON , K ATHERINE N EVILLE . Laos Folk-Lore of Farther India. Chicago, 1899.

Folk-Lore Journal. Folk-Lore Society. 7 vols. London, 1883–89. (Cited FLJ.)

Folk-Lore: A Quarterly Review, current since 1890. (Cited FL.)

F RERE , M. Old Deccan Days, or Hindoo Fairy Legends Current in Southern India. London, 1868.

G EROULD , G. H. The Grateful Dead. (Folk-Lore Society.) London, 1907.

Gesta Romanorum. Translated by the Rev. C HARLES S WAN . Revised edition. London, 1906.

G ONZENBACH , L AURA . Sicilianische Märchen. 2 vols. Leipzig, 1870.

G RIMM , T HEBROTHERS .Household Tales: with the Author’s Notes. Translated from the German, and edited by M. Hunt. With an Introduction by Andrew Lang. 2 vols. London, 1884.

G ROOME , F. H. Gypsy Folk Tales. London, 1899.

H AHN , J. G. V ON . Griechische und albanesische Märchen. 2 vols. Leipzig, 1864.

H ARTLAND , E. S.Science of Fairy Tales. London, 1891.

H ONEŸ , J AMES A. South African Folk Tales. New York, 1910.

H OSE (C HARLES ) and M C D OUGALL (W ILLIAM ).The Pagan Tribes of Borneo. 2 vols. London, 1912. (Cited Hose-McDougall.)

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Indian Antiquary—A Journal of Oriental Research in Archaeology, History, Literature, Languages, Philosophy, Religion, etc. Bombay (current).

I NGRAM , J. H. Spanish Fairy Tales. Translated from Fernan Caballero. New York, N.D.

J ACOBS , J OSEPH . Indian Fairy Tales. New York and London, 1913. (Cited Jacobs 1.)

—The Fables of Æsop. I. History of the Æsopic Fable. London, 1889. (Cited Jacobs 2.)

Jātaka, or Stories of the Buddha’s Former Births. Translated from the Pāli by various hands. Edited by E. B. C OWELL . 6 vols. Cambridge, V.D.

Journal of American Folk-Lore. (Cited JAFL.)

—Bayliss, Clara K.,Tagalog Folk-Tales(JAFL 21 : 45–53).

—Benedict, Laura W.,Bagobo Myths(JAFL 26 : 13–63).

—Chamberlain, A. F.,Notes on Tagal Folk-Lore(JAFL 15 : 196–198).

—Gardner, Fletcher,Tagalog Folk-Tales(JAFL 20 : 104–116, 300–310).

—Maxfield, B. L., and Millington, W. H.,Visayan Folk-Tales(JAFL 19 : 97–112; 20 : 89–103, 311–318).

Journal of Philology.

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, N.S. (Cited JRASB.) Kathā-sarit-sāgara. SeeSomadeva.

K INGSCOTE , Mrs. H OWARD . Tales of the Sun, or Folklore of Southern India. London, 1890.

K ITTREDGE , G EORGE L. Arthur and Gorlagon (in Harvard Studies and Notes in Philology and Literature).

K NOWLES , the Rev. J. H. Folk-Tales of Kashmir. 2d ed. London, 1893.

K OHLER , R EINHOLD . Kleinere Schriften. I. Zur Märchenforschung. Edited by J. B OLTE . Weimar, 1898. (Cited Köhler-Bolte.)

L AL B EHARI D AY . Folk-Tales of Bengal. London, 1883.

L ANG , A NDREW .Custom and Myth. 2d ed. London, 1885.

L EGRAND , E. Recueil de contes populaires grecs. Paris, 1881.

M ACCULLOCH , J. A. The Childhood of Fiction: A Study of Folk Tales and Primitive Thought. London, 1905.

M CCULLOCH , W ILLIAM . Bengali Household Tales. London, 1912.