Oxy-Acetylene Welding and Cutting - Electric, Forge and Thermit Welding together with related methods - and materials used in metal working and the oxygen process - for removal of carbon

Harold P. (Harold Phillips) Manly

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• Publié par: emku
• Publié le: 08 décembre 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 21
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 4 Mo

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Project Gutenberg's Oxy-Acetylene Welding and Cutting, by Harold P. Manly
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Title: Oxy-Acetylene Welding and Cutting
Electric, Forge and Thermit Welding together with related methods and
materials used in metal working and the oxygen process for removal of carbon
Author: Harold P. Manly
Release Date: April, 2005 [EBook #7969]
[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]
[This file was first posted on June 7, 2003]
Edition: 10
Language: English
Character set encoding: ISO-Latin-1
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OXY-ACETYLENE WELDING AND CUTTING ***
Produced by Juliet Sutherland, John Argus, Tonya Allen, Charles Franks
and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team.
Oxy-Acetylene Welding and
Cutting
Electric, Forge and Thermit Welding
Together with Related Methods and Materials Used in
Metal Working And The Oxygen Process for Removal
of CarbonBy
HAROLD P. MANLY
PREFACE
In the preparation of this work, the object has been to cover not only
the several processes of welding, but also those other processes
which are so closely allied in method and results as to make them a
part of the whole subject of joining metal to metal with the aid of heat.
The workman who wishes to handle his trade from start to finish finds
that it is necessary to become familiar with certain other operations
which precede or follow the actual joining of the metal parts, the
purpose of these operations being to add or retain certain desirable
qualities in the materials being handled. For this reason the following
subjects have been included: Annealing, tempering, hardening, heat
treatment and the restoration of steel.
In order that the user may understand the underlying principles and
the materials employed in this work, much practical information is
given on the uses and characteristics of the various metals; on the
production, handling and use of the gases and other materials which
are a part of the equipment; and on the tools and accessories for the
production and handling of these materials.
An examination will show that the greatest usefulness of this book
lies in the fact that all necessary information and data has been
included in one volume, making it possible for the workman to use
one source for securing a knowledge of both principle and practice,
preparation and finishing of the work, and both large and small repair
work as well as manufacturing methods used in metal working.
An effort has been made to eliminate all matter which is not of direct
usefulness in practical work, while including all that those engaged in
this trade find necessary. To this end, the descriptions have been
limited to those methods and accessories which are found in actual
use today. For the same reason, the work includes the application of
the rules laid down by the insurance underwriters which govern this
work as well as instructions for the proper care and handling of the
generators, torches and materials found in the shop.
Special attention has been given to definite directions for handling
the different metals and alloys which must be handled. The
instructions have been arranged to form rules which are placed in the
order of their use during the work described and the work has been
subdivided in such a way that it will be found possible to secure
information on any one point desired without the necessity of
spending time in other fields.
The facts which the expert welder and metalworker finds it most
necessary to have readily available have been secured, and
prepared especially for this work, and those of most general use have
been combined with the chapter on welding practice to which theyapply.
The size of this volume has been kept as small as possible, but an
examination of the alphabetical index will show that the range of
subjects and details covered is complete in all respects. This has
been accomplished through careful classification of the contents and
the elimination of all repetition and all theoretical, historical and
similar matter that is not absolutely necessary.
Free use has been made of the information given by those
manufacturers who are recognized as the leaders in their respective
fields, thus insuring that the work is thoroughly practical and that it
represents present day methods and practice.
THE AUTHOR.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER I
METALS AND ALLOYS--HEAT TREATMENT:--The Use and
Characteristics of the Industrial Alloys and Metal Elements--
Annealing, Hardening, Tempering and Case Hardening of Steel
CHAPTER II
WELDING MATERIALS:--Production, Handling and Use of the
Gases, Oxygen and Acetylene--Welding Rods--Fluxes--Supplies and
Fixtures
CHAPTER III
ACETYLENE GENERATORS:--Generator Requirements and Types-
-Construction--Care and Operation of Generators.
CHAPTER IV
WELDING INSTRUMENTS:--Tank and Regulating Valves and
Gauges--High, Low and Medium Pressure Torches--Cutting Torches-
-Acetylene-Air Torches
CHAPTER V
OXY-ACETYLENE WELDING PRACTICE:--Preparation of Work--
Torch Practice-- Control of the Flame--Welding Various Metals and
Alloys--Tables of Information Required in Welding Operations
CHAPTER VI
ELECTRIC WELDING:--Resistance Method--Butt, Spot and Lap
Welding--Troubles and Remedies--Electric Arc Welding
CHAPTER VII
HAND FORGING AND WELDING:--Blacksmithing, Forging and
Bending--Forge Welding MethodsCHAPTER VIII
SOLDERING, BRAZING AND THERMIT WELDING:--Soldering
Materials and Practice-- Brazing--Thermit Welding
CHAPTER IX
OXYGEN PROCESS FOR REMOVAL OF CARBON
INDEX
OXY-ACETYLENE WELDING AND CUTTING, ELECTRIC AND
THERMIT WELDING
CHAPTER I
METALS AND THEIR ALLOYS--HEAT TREATMENT
THE METALS
Iron.--Iron, in its pure state, is a soft, white, easily worked metal. It is
the most important of all the metallic elements, and is, next to
aluminum, the commonest metal found in the earth.
Mechanically speaking, we have three kinds of iron: wrought iron,
cast iron and steel. Wrought iron is very nearly pure iron; cast iron
contains carbon and silicon, also chemical impurities; and steel
contains a definite proportion of carbon, but in smaller quantities than
cast iron.
Pure iron is never obtained commercially, the metal always being
mixed with various proportions of carbon, silicon, sulphur,
phosphorus, and other elements, making it more or less suitable for
different purposes. Iron is magnetic to the extent that it is attracted by
magnets, but it does not retain magnetism itself, as does steel. Iron
forms, with other elements, many important combinations, such as its
alloys, oxides, and sulphates.
Cast Iron.--Metallic iron is separated from iron ore in the blast furnace(Figure 1), and when allowed to run into moulds is called cast iron.
This form is used for engine cylinders and pistons, for brackets,
covers, housings and at any point where its brittleness is not
objectionable. Good cast iron breaks with a gray fracture, is free from
blowholes or roughness, and is easily machined, drilled, etc. Cast
iron is slightly lighter than steel, melts at about 2,400 degrees in
practice, is about one-eighth as good an electrical conductor as
copper and has a tensile strength of 13,000 to 30,000 pounds per
square inch. Its compressive strength, or resistance to crushing, is
very great. It has excellent wearing qualities and is not easily warped
and deformed by heat. Chilled iron is cast into a metal mould so that
the outside is cooled quickly, making the surface very hard and
difficult to cut and giving great resistance to wear. It is used for
making cheap gear wheels and parts that must withstand surface
friction.
Malleable Cast Iron.--This is often called simply malleable iron. It is a
form of cast iron obtained by removing much of the carbon from cast
iron, making it softer and less brittle. It has a tensile strength of 25,000
to 45,000 pounds per square inch, is easily machined, will stand a
small amount of bending at a low red heat and is used chiefly in
making brackets, fittings and supports where low cost is of
considerable importance. It is often used in cheap constructions in
place of steel forgings. The greatest strength of a malleable casting,
like a steel forging, is in the surface, therefore but little machining
should be done.
Wrought Iron.--This grade is made by treating the cast iron to remove
almost all of the carbon, silicon, phosphorus, sulphur,