The Manóbos of Mindanáo - Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume XXIII, First Memoir

John M. Garvan

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• Publié le: 08 décembre 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 9
• Langue: English

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Title: The Manóbos of Mindanáo

Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume XXIII, First Memoir

Author: John M. Garvan

Release Date: June 16, 2006 [eBook #18607]

Language: English

Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1

***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MANóBOS OF MINDANáO***

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MEMOIRS

OF THE

NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

VOLUME XXIII

FIRST MEMOIR

UNITED STATES

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON : 1931

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. - - - - - - - - - - Price $1.00 (paper cover)

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

VOLUME XXIII

FIRST MEMOIR

- - - - - -

THE MANÓBOS OF MINDANÁO

BY

JOHN M. GARVAN

PRESENTED TO THE ACADEMY AT THE ANNUAL MEETING, 192 9

THE MANÓBOS OF MINDANÁO

BY

JOHN M. GARVAN

CONTENTS

PART I. DESCRIPTIVE CHAPTER I. Classification and geographical distribution of Manóbos and other peoples in eastern Mindanáo  Explanation of terms  "Eastern Mindanáo"  The term "tribe"  Present use of the word "Manóbo"  The derivation and original application of the word "Manóbo"  Geographical distribution of the Manóbos in eastern Mindanáo  In the Agúsan Valley  On the eastern side of the Pacific Cordillera  On the peninsula of San Agustin  The Mamánuas, or Negritos, and Negrito-Manóbo half-breeds  The Banuáons  The Mañgguáñgans  The Mansákas  The Debabáons  The Mandáyas  The Tágum branch  The Agúsan Valley branch  The Pacific coast branch  The gulf of Davao branch  The Moros  The Biláns  The Tagakaólos  Lóaks or Lóags  Theconquistasor recently Christianized peoples  The Manóboconquistas  The Mandáyaconquistas  The Mamánuaconquistas  The Mañgguáñganconquistas  The Mansákaconquistas  The Debabáonconquistas  The Bisáyas or Christian Filipinos CHAPTER II. Physical characteristics and general appearance of the Manóbos of eastern Mindanáo  Physical type  Divergence of types  General physical type  Racial and tribal affinities  Montano's Indonesian theory  Keane's view  The Indonesian theory as applied to Manóbos  Physical type of contiguous peoples  The Mañgguáñgans  The Mandáyas  The Debabáons

 The Mamánuas  The Banuáons  Physical appearance as modified by dress and ornamentation CHAPTER III. A survey of the material and sociological culture of the Manóbos of eastern Mindanáo  General material culture  Dwellings  Alimentation  Narcotic and stimulating enjoyments  Means of subsistence  Weapons and implements  Industrial activities  General sociological culture  Domestic life  Marital relations  Pregnancy, birth, and childhood  Medicine, sickness, and death  Social and family enjoyments  Political organization  System of government and social control  Methods of warfare  Intertribal and analogous relations  Administration of justice  General principles and various laws  Regulations governing domestic relations and property; customary procedure in settlement of disputes CHAPTER IV. Religious ideas and mental characteristics in general  A brief survey of religion  The basis, influence, and machinery of religion  The hierarchy of Manóbo divinities, beneficent and malignant  Priests, their functions, attributes, and equipment  The main characteristics of Manóbo religion  Mental and other attainments and characteristics PART II. GENERAL MATERIAL CULTURE CHAPTER V. The Manobo home  In general  Motives that determine the selection of the site  Religious motives  Material motives  Religious ceremonies connected with the erection of a house  Structure of the house  The materials  The dimensions and plan of construction  The floor  The roof and the thatch  The walls  The doorway and the ladder  Internal arrangements  Decorations  The furniture and equipment of the house  The underpart and the environment of the house  Order and cleanliness of the house CHAPTER VI. Dress

 General remarks  Delicacy in exposure of the person  Variety in quantity and quality of clothes  The use of bark cloth  Dress as an indication of rank  Dress in general  Preferential colors in dress  The man's dress  Hats and headkerchiefs  The jacket  The lower garment  The girdle  The betel-nut knapsack  The woman's dress  The jacket  The upper Agúsan style  The style of the central group  The girdle and its pendants  The skirt CHAPTER VII. Personal adornment  General remarks  Hair and head adornment  Care and ornamentation of the head  Combs  Ear disks  Neck and breast ornaments  Arm and hand ornamentation  Knee and ankle adornments  Body mutilations  General remarks  Mutilation of the teeth  Mutilation of the ear lobes  Depilation  Tattooing  Circumcision CHAPTER VIII. Alimentation  Fire and its production  The "fire-saw"  The steel and flint process  Continuation of the fire  Lighting  Culinary and table equipment  Various kinds of food  The preparation and cooking of food  Preparing the food  Cooking the food  Food restrictions and taboos  Meals  Ordinary meals  Festive meals CHAPTER IX. Narcotic and stimulating enjoyments  Drinks used by the Manobos  Sugar-palm wine

Báhitoddy  Sugarcane brew  Extraction of the juice  Boiling  Fermentation  Mead  Drinking  General remarks  The sumsúm-an  Drinking during religious and social feasts  Evil effects from drinking  Tobacco preparation and use  The betel-nut masticatory  Ingredients and effect of the quid  Betel chewing accessories CHAPTER X. Means of subsistence  Agriculture  General remarks  The time and place for planting rice  The sowing ceremony  The clearing of the land  The sowing of the rice and its culture  The rice harvest  The harvest feast  The culture of other crops  Hunting  Hunting with dogs  Offering to Sugúdun, the spirit of hunters  The hunt  Hunting taboos and beliefs  Other methods of obtaining game  Trapping  Trapping ceremonies and taboos  The bamboo spear trap  Other varieties of traps  Fishing  Shooting with bow and arrow  Fishing with hook and line  Fish-poisoning  Thetúbamethod  Thetúblimethod  Thelágtañgmethod  Dry-season lake fishing  Fishing with nets, traps, and torches CHAPTER XI. Weapons and implements  Introductory remarks  Offensive weapons  The bow and arrow  The bolo and its sheath  A magic test for the efficiency of a bolo  The lance  The dagger and its sheath

 Defensive weapons  The shield  Armor  Traps and caltrops  Agricultural implements  The ax  The bolo  The rice header  Fishing implements  The fishing bow and arrow  The fish spear  Fishhooks  Hunting implements  The spear  The bow and arrow  The blowgun CHAPTER XII. Industrial activities  Division of labor  Male activities  Female activities  Male industries in detail  Boat building  Mining  Plaiting and other activities  Female industries in detail  Weaving and its accessory processes  Pottery  Tailoring and mat making PART III. GENERAL SOCIOLOGICAL CULTURE CHAPTER XIII. Domestic life and marital relations  Arranging the marriage  Selection of the bride  Courtship and antenuptial relations  Begging for the hand of the girl  Determination of the marriage payment  The marriage feast and payment  The reciprocatory payment and banquet  Marriage and marriage contracts  The marriage rite  Marriage by capture  Prenatal marriage contracts and child marriage  Polygamy and kindred institutions  Endogamy and consanguineous marriages  Intertribal and other marriages  Married life and the position of the wife  Residence of the son-in-law and the brother-in-law system CHAPTER XIV. Domestic life: Pregnancy, birth, and childhood  Desire for progeny  Birth and pregnancy taboos  Taboos to be observed by the husband  Taboos to be observed by the wife  Taboos to be observed by both husband and wife  Taboos enjoined on visitors

 Abortion  Artificial abortion  Involuntary abortion  The approach of parturition  The midwife  Prenatal magic aids  Prenatal religious aids  Accouchement and ensuing events  Postnatal customs  Taboos  The birth ceremony  The naming and care of the child  Birth anomalies  Monstrosities  Albinism  Hermaphroditism CHAPTER XV. Domestic life: Medicine, sickness, and death  Medicine and disease  Natural medicines and diseases  Magic ailments and means of producing them  The composition of a few "Kometán"  Other magic means  Bodily ailments proceeding from supernatural causes  Sickness due to capture of the "soul" by an inimical spirit  Epidemics attributed to the malignancy of sea demons  Propitiation of the demons of contagious diseases  Sickness and death  The theory of death  Fear of the dead and of the death spirits  Incidents accompanying deaths  Preparation of the corpse  The funeral  Certain mourning taboos are observed  Death and burial of one killed by an enemy, of a warrior chief, and of a priest  The after world  The death feast CHAPTER XVI. Social enjoyments  Instrumental music  The drum  The gong  Flutes  Thepaúndagflute  Theto-áliflute  Thelántui  Thesá-baiflute  Guitars  The vine-string guitar  The bamboo-string guitar  Thetakúmbo  The violin  The jew's-harp  The stamper and the horn of bamboo

 Sounders  Vocal music  The language of song  The subject matter of songs  The music and the method of singing  Ceremonial songs  Dancing  The ordinary social dance  The religious dance  Mimetic dances  The bathing dance  The dagger or sword dance  The apian dance  The depilation dance  The sexual dance  The war dance CHAPTER XVII. Political organization: System of government and social control  Clans  Territories of the clans and number of people composing them  Interclan relations  The chief and his power  The source of the chief's authority  Equality among the people  Respect for ability and old age  The warrior chief  General character  Insignia and prowess of the warrior chief  The warrior's title to recognition  Various degrees of warrior chiefship  The warrior chief in his capacity as chief  The warrior chief as priest and medicine man CHAPTER XVIII. Political organization: War, its origin, inception, course, and termination  Military affairs in general  The origin of war  Vendettas  Private seizure  Debts and sexual infringements  Inception of war  Declaration of war  Time for war  Preparations for war  The attack  Time and methods of attack  Events following the battle  Celebration of the victory  The capture of slaves  The return of the warriors  Ambushes and other methods of warfare  Peace CHAPTER XIX. Political organization: General principles of the administration of justice: customary, proprietary, and liability laws

 General considerations  General principles  The principle of material substitution  Right to a fair hearing  Securing the defendant's good will  Foundations of Manóbo law  Customary law  Its natural basis  Its religious basis  Proprietary laws and obligations  Conception of property rights  Land and other property  Laws of contract  The law of debt  Interest, loans, and pledges  Interest  Loans and pledges  Laws of liability  Liability arising from natural causes  Liability arising from religious causes  Liability arising from magic causes  The system of fines CHAPTER XX. Political organization: Customs regulating domestic relations and family property; procedure for the attainment of justice  Family property  Rules of inheritance  Rules governing the relations of the sexes  Moral offenses  Marriage contracts and payments  Illegitimate children  Extent of authority of father and husband  Residence of the husband  Crimes and their penalties  Crimes  The private seizure  Penalties for minor offenses  Customary procedure  Preliminaries to arbitration  General features of a greater arbitration  Determination of guilt  By witnesses  By oaths  By the testimony of the accused  By ordeals  The hot-water ordeal  The diving ordeal  The candle ordeal  By circumstantial evidence  Enforcement of the sentence CHAPTER XXI. Political organization: Intertribal and other relations  Intertribal relations  Interclan relations  External commercial relations

 Exploitation by Christian natives  Exploitation by falsification  Defraudation by usury and excessive prices  Exploitation by the system of commutation  Wheedling or thepuánaksystem  Bartering transactions  General conditions of trading  Internal commercial relations  Money and substitutes for it  Prevailing Manóbo prices  Weights and measures  Slave trade and slaves  Slave trade  Classes of slaves  Delivery and treatment of slaves PART IV. RELIGION CHAPTER XXII. General principles of Manóbo religion and nature and classification of Manobo deities  Introductory  General principles of religion  Sincerity of belief  Basis of religious belief  Means of detecting supernatural evil  Belief in an hierarchy of beneficent and malignant deities  Other tenets of Manobo faith  Spirit companions of man  General character of the deities  Classification of deities and spirits  Benevolent deities  Gods of gore and rage  Malignant and dangerous spirits  Agricultural goddesses  Giant spirits  Gods of lust and consanguineous love  Spirits of celestial phenomena  Other spirits  Nature of the various divinities in detail,  The primary deities  The secondary order of deities  The gods of gore, and kindred spirits CHAPTER XXIII. Maleficent spirits  The origin and nature of malignant demons  Methods of frustrating their evil designs  Through priests  By various material means  By propitiation  Thetagbánua, or local forest spirits  Their characteristics and method of living  Definite localities tenanted by forest spirits  Worship of the forest spirits CHAPTER XXIV. Priests, their prerogatives and functions  Thebailánor ordinary Manobo priests  Their general character