The War and Democracy

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• Publié par: zawying
• Publié le: 08 décembre 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 42
• Langue: English

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The Project Gutenberg EBook of The War and
Democracy by R.W. Seton-Watson, J. Dover
Wilson, Alfred E. Zimmern, and Arthur Greenwood
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at
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Title: The War and Democracy
Authors: R.W. Seton-Watson, J. Dover Wilson,
Alfred E. Zimmern, and Arthur Greenwood
Release Date: January 10, 2004 [EBook #10668]
Language: English
*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG
EBOOK THE WAR AND DEMOCRACY ***
Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Lazar Liveanu and
PG Distributed ProofreadersTHE WAR AND
DEMOCRACY
by
R.W. SETON-WATSON, D.Litt.
J. DOVER WILSON
ALFRED E. ZIMMERN
and
ARTHUR GREENWOOD
1915
* * * * * TO
The Workers' Educational Association
* * * * *
When wilt Thou save the people?
O God of mercy, when?
Not kings and lords, but nations!
Not thrones and crowns, but men!
Flowers of Thy heart, O God, are they;
Let them not pass, like weeds, away—
Their heritage a sunless day.
God save the people!EBENEZER ELLIOTT.
"To remake the map of Europe, and to rearrange
the peoples in accordance with the special mission
assigned to each of them by geographical, ethnical
and historical conditions—this is the first essential
step for all."
MAZZINI (1832).
* * * * *
PREFACE
For many years past the prospect of universal war
has haunted the dreams of pacificists and
militarists alike. Many of us, without denying its
growing menace, hoped against hope that it might
be averted by the gradual strengthening of
international goodwill and mutual intercourse, and
the steady growth of democratic influences and
political thought. But our misgivings proved more
prophetic than our hopes; and last August the
great war came upon us like a thief in the night.
After four months of war we feel that, in spite of
the splendid response of the nation at large, in
spite of a unanimity which has no parallel in our
previous history, there are still large sections of the
community who fail to realise the vastness of theissues at stake, the formidable nature of the forces
ranged against us, and the true inner significance
of the struggle. And yet all that is worth living for
depends upon the outcome of this war—for
ourselves the future of the democratic ideal in
these islands and in the British Empire at large, for
the peoples of Europe deliverance from competing
armaments and the yoke of racial tyranny. But
before our future can be secured, sacrifices will be
required of every citizen, and in a free community
sacrifice can only spring from knowledge.
Moreover, if we are to put an end to the intolerable
situation of an unwilling Europe in arms, public
opinion must think out very carefully the great
problems which have been thrown into the melting-
pot and be prepared for the day of settlement.
The present volume has been written as a guide to
the study of the underlying causes and issues of
the war. It does not pretend to cover the whole of
so vast a field, and it will have attained its aim if it
provides the basis for future discussion. It
originated in the experience of its five writers at the
Summer Schools for working-class students held in
connection with the Workers' Educational
Associations. In the early days of August, at the
outbreak of the war, Summer Schools were in full
swing at Oxford, Cambridge, Eton, Bangor, and
Durham, and it at once became apparent, not
merely that the word "citizen" had suddenly
acquired a new depth and significance for the men
and women of our generation, but also that for the
individual citizen himself a large new field of study
and discussion had been opened up on subjectsand issues hitherto unfamiliar. This book was
planned to meet the need there expressed, but it is
hoped that it may be found useful by a wider circle
of readers.
We have called the book The War and Democracy,
because our guiding idea throughout has been the
sense of the great new responsibilities, both of
thought and action, which the present situation lays
upon British Democracy and on believers in
democracy throughout the world.
In devoting one chapter to a survey of the issues
raised for settlement by the war, we must disclaim
most emphatically all idea of dividing the lion's skin
before the animal has been killed. Our object has
not been to prophesy, but merely to stimulate
thought and discussion. The field is so vast and
complicated that unless public opinion begins to
mobilise without further delay and to form clear
ideas as to how the principles laid down by our
statesmen are to be converted into practice, it may
find itself confronted, as it was confronted in 1814,
with a situation which it can neither understand nor
control, and with a settlement which will perpetuate
many of the abuses which this war ought to
remove. Our best excuse is supplied by the
attitude of many leaders of German political
thought—men like Franz von Liszt, Ostwald; and
Paul Rohrbach—who are already mapping out the
world according to their victorious fancies.
December 1914.R.W.S.-W. J.D.W. A.E.Z. A.G.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTORY
By ALFRED E. ZIMMERN, M.A., late Fellow and
Tutor of New College, Oxford;
Author of The Greek Commonwealth
CHAPTER II
THE NATIONAL IDEA IN EUROPE, 1789-1914 By
J. DOVER WILSON, M.A., Gonville and Cains
College, Cambridge, late Lecturer in the University
of Helsingfors, Finland
1. NATION AND NATIONALITY 2. THE BIRTH OF
NATIONALISM: POLAND AND THE FRENCH
REVOLUTION 3. THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA
AND THE INTERNATIONAL IDEA 4. THE
NATIONAL IDEA IN BELGIUM AND THE
PROBLEM OF SMALL NATIONS 5. THE
NATIONAL IDEA IN ITALY: THE IDEAL TYPE 6.
THE NATIONAL IDEA IN GERMANY: A CASE OF
ARRESTED DEVELOPMENT 7. THE MAP OF
EUROPE, 1814-1914CHAPTER III
GERMANY By ALFRED E. ZIMMERN
1. THE GERMAN STATE 2. THE REAL
GERMANY 3. PRUSSIA 4. GERMANY SINCE
1870
CHAPTER IV
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY AND THE SOUTHERN
SLAVS By R.W. SETON-WATSON, D.Litt., New
College, Oxford, author of Racial Problems in
Hungary, The Southern Slav
Question, etc.
INTRODUCTION
1. AUSTRIA AND THE HABSBURGS 2.
HUNGARY AND MAGYAR MISRULE 3. THE
DECAY OF THE DUAL SYSTEM 4. THE GENESIS
OF THE SOUTHERN SLAVS 5. THE
RENAISSANCE OF SERBIA 6. SERBO-CROAT
UNITY 7. THE BALKAN WARS 8. THE MURDER
OF THE ARCHDUKE 9. THE FUTURE OF THE
SOUTHERN SLAVS
CHAPTER VRUSSIA By J. DOVER WILSON
1. THE RUSSIAN STATE 2. RELIGION 3. THE
REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT AND ITS
SIGNIFICANCE 4. THE SUBJECT
NATIONALITIES
CHAPTER VI
FOREIGN POLICY [Contributed]
A. THE MEANING OF FOREIGN POLICY
1. THE FOREIGN OFFICE 2. THE WORK OF THE
FOREIGN OFFICE 3. THE BALANCE OF POWER
4. THE ESTIMATION OF NATIONAL FORCES
B. THE DEMOCRATISATION OF FOREIGN
POLICY
1. DEMOCRACY AND PEACE 2. FOREIGN
POLICY AND POPULAR FORCES 3. FOREIGN
POLICY AND EDUCATION
CHAPTER VII
THE ISSUES OF THE WAR By R.W. SETON-
WATSON
1. IS THERE AN IDEA BEHIND THE WAR? 2.1. IS THERE AN IDEA BEHIND THE WAR? 2.
THE AIMS OF BRITISH STATESMANSHIP 3.
BRITAIN AND GERMANY 4. NATIONALITY AND
THE GERMAN EMPIRE (1) ALSACE-LORRAINE,
(2) SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN, (3) POLAND 5. THE
FUTURE OF AUSTRIA-HUNGARY—MINIMUM
AND MAXIMUM LOSSES 6. THE SOUTHERN
SLAV QUESTION 7. THE ROUMANIAN
QUESTION 8. CAN THE DUAL MONARCHY BE
REPLACED? 9. BOHEMIA AND HUNGARY 10.
GERMANY AND AUSTRIA 11. ITALIAN
ASPIRATIONS 12. THE BALKAN SITUATION:
BULGARIA AND GREECE 13. THE FUTURE OF
TURKEY 14. RUSSIA AND CONSTANTINOPLE
15. ASIATIC TURKEY 16. RUSSIA AND POLAND
17. GENERAL AIMS
CHAPTER VIII
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE
WAR By ARTHUR GREENWOOD, B.Sc., Lecturer
in Economics at the University of Leeds
INTRODUCTION
A. STATE ACTION IN INDUSTRY AND
COMMERCE
B. IMMEDIATE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC
EFFECTS OF THE WAR
1. FOREIGN TRADE 2. UNEMPLOYMENT AND