Dictionary of the active principles of plants : alkaloids, bitter principles, glucosides, their sources, nature, and chemical characteristics, with tabular summary, classification of reactions, and full botanical and general indexes

Charles E Sohn

Description

PPP" DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS SOHN i. [ir n -*' ii>h^ r «'=pp. Changing or changes to.B (after = df. or difif.=name of substance) Bitter Difficultly. =petr. e. Petroleum ether. principle, i.e., amar'oid. eth.=Ether. ; : PEINOIPLES OF PLA:^[TS.DICTIONARY OF THE AOTIYE PART I. §1. ACHILLEA inillefolium (Milfoil or Yarrow); Compositce Argan tree (Scijinhicea') of Morocco, S. Cotton (J. Phann. [.'j] 18, 208) 'Europe and N. America—substance A. moschatus ('Iva'), (c) has separated Arcan'in,' which would(«). seem to be identical with (a). and Obtained from the whole plant.{({). (a) SAPOTIN G. (Arganin ? see above), (Michaud):a,,H,.Ao micro- (n) ACHILLEIN G., C.H^XOu (von Planta) amorphous, reddish- scopic crystals; burning taste; Ifevo - -32'1 ; rotatory ([a] D= in bitter, alkaline. 240°brown, alcoholic solution) ; M.P. with decomposition. Dilute sulphuric converted intosugarWith boiling dilute acids is and Achilletin (seebelow). acid, on boiling, yields Saporetin (see below) and sugar. Soluble in water easily (giving yellow solution), in alcohol with diffi- Soluble in water easily in cold alcohol sparingly, easier ; hot. In- culty. in ether. in benzene,Insoluble soluble ether, chloroform. Not precipitated by Precipitants, etc. : Alkalies. Tannic acid. Alkaline hydrates, insol. Fehling solution, vol | | reduced. Lead acetate, neutral or basic. | Ferrous sulphate. Lead acetate basic, sol. in excess. Coucentd.sulpb. acid,pp. | garnet red.

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h^ r «'=pp. Changing or changes to.B (after = df. or difif.=name of substance) Bitter Difficultly. =petr. e. Petroleum ether. principle, i.e., amar'oid. eth.=Ether. ; : PEINOIPLES OF PLA:^[TS.DICTIONARY OF THE AOTIYE PART I. §1. ACHILLEA inillefolium (Milfoil or Yarrow); Compositce Argan tree (Scijinhicea') of Morocco, S. Cotton (J. Phann. [.'j] 18, 208) 'Europe and N. America—substance A. moschatus ('Iva'), (c) has separated Arcan'in,' which would(«). seem to be identical with (a). and Obtained from the whole plant.{({). (a) SAPOTIN G. (Arganin ? see above), (Michaud):a,,H,.Ao micro- (n) ACHILLEIN G., C.H^XOu (von Planta) amorphous, reddish- scopic crystals; burning taste; Ifevo - -32'1 ; rotatory ([a] D= in bitter, alkaline. 240°brown, alcoholic solution) ; M.P. with decomposition. Dilute sulphuric converted intosugarWith boiling dilute acids is and Achilletin (seebelow). acid, on boiling, yields Saporetin (see below) and sugar. Soluble in water easily (giving yellow solution), in alcohol with diffi- Soluble in water easily in cold alcohol sparingly, easier ; hot. In- culty. in ether. in benzene,Insoluble soluble ether, chloroform. Not precipitated by Precipitants, etc. : Alkalies. Tannic acid. Alkaline hydrates, insol. Fehling solution, vol | | reduced. Lead acetate, neutral or basic. | Ferrous sulphate. Lead acetate basic, sol. in excess. Coucentd.sulpb. acid,pp. | garnet red." />

PPP"
DICTIONARY
OF THE
ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS
SOHN
i.[ir n
-*'
ii>h^ r
<
i^':
DIGTIOJSTAEY
OF THE
ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS:
ALKALOIDS; BITTER PRINCIPLES; GLUCOSIDES:
THEIR SOURCES, NATURE, AND CHE.UICAL CHARACTERISTICS, WITH CLASSIFICATIONTABULAR SUMMARY,
OF REACTIOSS, AND FULL BOTANICAL AND GENERAL INDEXES.
CHARLES E. SOHN, F.LC, F.C.S.
theMember of Society of Public Ana/y.tfs.
LONDON
BAILLIERE, TINDALL AND COX, 20 & 21, KING WILLIAM STREET, STRAND.
1894.PREFACE.
which treats of nearly GOU of these bodies, has beenceaseless flow of new facts into every branch of science The present work,The is well
attainment of theprepared with the hope that it may contribute to theillustrated in the particular section of organic chemistry embraced
found of service to those who have occasion to dealunder the heading Alkaloids, Bitter Principles and (rlucosides. The above objects, and be
particularly the analyst, professor,streamlet that started at the commencement of this with these compounds or study themcentury, when —
and manufacturer.Derosne and Serti'irner made the discovery of Morphine, has swollen with research chemist, student,
full as possible the informationever-increasing rapidity, until at the present time the efforts have been spared to render asHood of matter No
regards tests and chemical reactions) ; whereveraccumulated almost defies management. supplied (particularly as
embodies theIt becomes every day more desirable that something be done towards practicable, it has been drawn from the original sources, and
classifying the substances so constantly being augmented in number, and results of the latest researches.
has been aimed at,that the details bearing upon them, nowmore or less scattered throughout access to any fact contained in the bookEasy
the reader will peruse the intro-chemical literature, should be tabulated in a convenient form—one that and it is earnestly requested that
the better acquire thiswill permit not only that a i/iven attribute any substance shall be readily explanatory part, that he mayof ductory and
found, but also will indicate wherein such substance differsfrom, or resembles, facility.
class.another of its
London, Uctobei; 18'J3.: ' :
INTRODUCTORY AND EXPLANATORY.
In addition to the Active Principles that are members of one or other of or chemically allied plants, whilst retaining as far as practicablethe three an alpha-classes specially dealt with, I have included some substances betical order. Supplementary indexes being provided, the manifestthat are liable to be met with in connection with these, or have bearino- on inconveniences° which a purely alphabetical method would occasion arethe subjects under bytreatment.
these means avoided.The term Alkaloid (or the letter A used for that word) has been ^- In order that no time may be lost in findingemployed any statement con-to denote any naturally occurring vegetable base this
; covers a cerning a given substance, the following rotation has been adhered to inwider area than would the most modern application of the word which the enumeration of the properties and tests :restricts it to Pyridine and Quinoline derivatives, to the exclusion of such
a body as Caffeine. Of course, Salts of Ammonia and albuminoid decom- Botanical Z»ctot7s.—Plants furnishing the compound or compounds,position withproducts cannot be comprised in this class (one or technicaltwo of the as well as popular names and botanical order.
latter receive notice, however). Parts of plant in which found.
The Glucoshlet! embrace those substances (other than Bibliographical referencetannins) that (names of investigators and details of published
yield sugar (with some other researches).compound) when decomposed by the action
ot dilute acids or natural Eachferments. They substance (when more than one)are generally is then treated individuallyfree from thus
Nitrogen, exceptions General,being Amygdalin, Physical and Chemical Details.—Solaniue, Indican, ^ame and synonyms, class (A=Linamarin,
Myronic Acid, Alkaloid, B= Bitterand Sinalbni, the last two Principle, G= Glucoside).of which contain Sulphur also
hemtter Chemical formula.1 Pnndples are a very diversegroup, as various in composition
Crystallineas in form, etc.their chemical reactions. They contain no Nitrogen, and yield no Melting point and effects of heat generally.sugar on treatment with dilute acids or otherwise. The name Awaroid Rotatory power (action on polarized light).IS suggested for such bodies as these, in order to avoid confusion with Reaction (alkaline, neutral, or acid).glucosides and alkaloids, so many of which are also bitter. Being Tasteverv and odour (if any).numerous and frequently of considerable importance, whilst Variousgenerally : Character of salts, products of hydrolysis (action of boiling diluteneglected in works upon organic chemistry, it has been acids), physiologicalthought desirable effect.
to describe them fully. Solubility in water, alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene, petroleum ether, amyl
In conformity with the alcohol,
_ system adopted by the carbon bisulphide, andChemical Society in sundry other solvents.their
journal, all alkaloids are Behaviourspelt with the towards immiscibletermination ine, whUst solvents.glucosides
and amaroids end Reactions within in, without the final precipitants, etc. (ine. this order)
The book consists of three parts (besides two indexes and sub-
indexes). 1. Alkaline hydrates and carbo- 4. Tannic acid.
nates.Dictionary 5. Picric'" form, arranged acid, C,;Ho(NOo)3'OHupon a system* which groups^'^'^'^xJ' 2. Ammonia.together the (Hager'sconstituents either of reagent).one plant or of a number of botanically 3. Lead acetate, neutral and basic. 6. Ferric chloride.IN'TUODl'CTORY AND EXPLANATORY.
7. Platinum chloride, Phoapho-componiuh : GENERAL INDEX.—Special endeavours have been made to render
8. Palladious chloride. this comprehensive.22. Phosphomolybdio acid (.Sonnen-
9. Gold chloride. in Part hasschein's reagent). In the Tabular Sum.mary the order of insertion I. been
Silver nitrate.10. 23. Phospho-tungstio acid (Schei- preserved, because it permits a survey of all the active ])rinciples of a
11. Copper sulphate. bler's reagent). given plant at a glance—a manifest advantage over a purely alphabetical
12. Fehling's solution (alkaline 24. Phospho-antimonic acid. arrangement (which might upon a preliminary inspection have appeareil
copper tartrate). Iodides, etc. : dealing, instance,desirable), for in that case the reader, for with Opium,
25. lodo-potassic iodide (Wagner's would have had nearly forty different positions to find, whilst here be has
Cyanides, etc. : reagent).
but one.
26. Bismuth-potassic iodide ( Dragen-13. Potassium ferrocyanide. Synonyms and questions of identity cannot, for want of space, be
14. ferricyanide. dorff's reagent).
,,
receivediscussed in Part II. (the Tabular Summary), but full attention
-Ih. sulphocyanide. 27. Cadmium potassic iodide,,
in Part I. for the same reason, many columns of precipitants have hadreagent). ;16. cyanide. (Marme's,,
to be removed from Part II. but this curtailment is amply compensated28. Zinc-potassio iodide. ;17. nitro-prusside.
,,
for classified lists of reactions in Part IIL and the numerous29. Mercuric-potassic iodide (Mayer's by the18. Silver potassium cyanide.
solution). reference notes.
Chromales, etc. : 30. Mercuric chloride. In the last section—Part III.—are classed, in a series of alphabetical
31. Chlorine water.19. Potassium chromate. lists, sub.-itances having a common propertj-, or giving a similar reaction.
32. Bromine20. ,, bichromate.
GENERAL RULES.33. Iodine tincture.21. Chromic acid.
1. To facilitate reference, it is important to remember that theColour tests (in this order), time taken for development of colours and their 1^
of details upon any substance is invariably given in a particulardurability ; series
varioussubstances (sugar, potassioniConcentrated sulphuric acid alone and with rotation (see above).
acid, etc.), Erdmann's reagent, sulphuricbichromate, manganese dio.\ide, nitric 2. Colour—Since the great majority of substances here dealt with are
acid with trace of nitric acid.a colourless, colour is only mentioned when coloured compounds are spoken
Concentrated nitric acid alone. others are to be understood to be white or colourlest.of ; all
Acids in general. bodies not h'triny3. Odour.—For analogous reasons, all described as
Perchlorate of potash or perchloric acid.
odour are odourless.
Per-iodic acid.
Alkalinity.—When not otherwise stated, the reaction (alkaline,4.
Frohde's solution (molybdic and sulphuric acids).
acid) has reference to litmus as indicator.neutral, or
Su.m.mary designed for ready reference andPART II.—A Tabular degrees Centigrade.5. Temper.\ture is always indicated in
another for analytical andas a means of contrasting one compound with
G. Solubility'.—Figures in the solubility columns denote number of
other purposes it gives the chief properties and tests of the substances
; of solvent required to dissolve one jjart of substance.parts
described in Part I.that are more fully of Test.—Numbers in the columns of precipitants (or7. Delicacy
PART III.—A Cl.\ssification of Reactions for the special use of colour tests) signify degree of dilution at which the reaction is
analysts, showing what compounds are known to respond to a given test. observabl