Comment-AMCC-I.b-General-Responsibilities-Draft.do

Edmund Michael

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File: Last Updated: November 7, 2006THE AVIATORS’ MODEL CODE OF CONDUCT (AMCC) is available at .About the Commentary: The Commentary addresses selected issues within the AVIATORS’ MODEL CODEOF CONDUCT (AMCC) to elaborate on their meaning, provide interpretive guidance, and suggest ways ofadopting the AMCC. It is intended primarily for implementers, policy administrators, aviation associationmanagement, and pilots who wish to explore the AMCC in greater depth. Please send your edits, errata,and comments to . Terms of Use are available at .COMMENTARY TOAMCC I.b – GENERAL RESPONSIBILITIESI.b Seek excellence in airmanship,“Airmanship is the key.”1Neil Van SickleThe Concept of Airmanship – Although the concept of airmanship is of critical2importance to GA and encompasses many principles advanced by the AMCC, there is no3consensus within GA community on the exact meaning of the term. It is defined neither in theFAR/AIM, the FAA’s Practical Test Standards, nor the FAA’s PILOTS HANDBOOK OF4 5AERONAUTICAL KNOWLEDGE. To many aviators, the definition remains “somewhat indistinct”6and characterized by an “elusive quality.” Indeed, defining the term has been called “very7 8difficult” and “an art and a science, and a complex one at that.”The FAA’s AIRPLANE FLYING HANDBOOK (Handbook) asserts that the “overall purpose ...

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File:<http://www.secureav.com/Comment-AMCC-I.b-General-Responsibilities.pdf> LastUpdated:November7,2006 T HE A VIATORS ’M ODEL C ODEOF C ONDUCT (AMCC)isavailableat<http://www.secureav.com>. AbouttheCommentary:TheCommentaryaddressesselectedissueswithintheA VIATORS ’M ODEL C ODE OF C ONDUCT (AMCC)toelaborateontheirmeaning,provideinterpretiveguidance,andsuggestwaysof adoptingtheAMCC.Itisintendedprimarilyforimplementers,policyadministrators,aviationassociation management,andpilotswhowishtoexploretheAMCCingreaterdepth.Pleasesendyouredits,errata, andcommentsto<[e-mail]>.TermsofUseareavailableat<http://secureav.com/terms.pdf>. C OMMENTARYTO AMCCI.b–G ENERAL R ESPONSIBILITIES I.bSeekexcellenceinairmanship, “Airmanshipisthekey.” NeilVanSickle 1 TheConceptofAirmanship–Althoughtheconceptofairmanshipisofcritical importancetoGAandencompassesmanyprinciplesadvancedbytheAMCC, 2 thereisno consensuswithinGAcommunityontheexactmeaningoftheterm. 3 Itisdefinedneitherinthe FAR/AIM,theFAA’sPracticalTestStandards,northeFAA’sP ILOTS H ANDBOOKOF A ERONAUTICAL K NOWLEDGE . 4 Tomanyaviators,thedefinitionremains“somewhatindistinct” 5 andcharacterizedbyan“elusivequality.” 6 Indeed,definingthetermhasbeencalled“very difficult” 7 and“anartandascience,andacomplexoneatthat.” 8 TheFAA’sA IRPLANE F LYING H ANDBOOK (Handbook)assertsthatthe“overallpurposeof primaryandintermediateflighttraining...istheacquisitionandhoningofbasicairmanship skills.” 9 Itgoesontodefineairmanshipas:  Asoundacquaintancewiththeprinciplesofflight,  Theabilitytooperateanairplanewithcompetenceandprecisionbothonthegroundand intheair,and  Theexerciseofsoundjudgmentthatresultsinoptimaloperationalsafetyand efficiency.” 10 Inotherwords,theFAAacknowledgesthreeprincipalcomponentsofairmanship:knowledge, skill,andjudgment.Nonetheless,otherFAAsourcessuggestamorenarrowdefinition.For example,theHandbookandtheFAA’sAdvisoryCircularonAeronauticalDecisionMaking suggestthatairmanshipskillsareanalogous(andlimited)totraditionalstickandrudderskills— excludingjudgment. 11 Someconsiderairmanship“theconsistentuseofgoodjudgmentandwell-developedskillsto accomplishflightobjectives.” 12 TheInternationalCivilAviationOrganization(ICAO)has definedairmanshipas“[t]heconsistentuseofgoodjudgmentandwel-ldevelopedknowledge, skillsandattitudestoaccomplishflightobjectives.” 13 Ithasalsobeendefinedas“anintegration ofdiscipline,skill,proficiency,yourself[pilot],aircraft,team,andenvironment,tounderstand, assess,andmanagerisks,” 14 andacombinationof“notonlypilotingskillsbutalsocommon 51 sense,academicknowledge,awareness,experience,correctreactiontoemergencies,etc.” Frequently,“goodairmanship”isunderstoodtomeanpilotingpracticesthatprovideamarginof safetytoflightoperations. 16 “Trueairmen,”writesTonyKerninRedefiningAirmanship,“strive 1

File:<http://www.secureav.com/Comment-AMCC-I.b-General-Responsibilities.pdf> LastUpdated:November7,2006 T HE A VIATORS ’M ODEL C ODEOF C ONDUCT (AMCC)isavailableat<http://www.secureav.com>. forcontrol,predictability,andprecision.” 17 “Airmanshiprequiresthateverypilotpersonally accepttheresponsibilityanddeterminationtostriveforperfectiononeveryflight.” 18 Pilotsdemonstrateairmanshipby“exercisinggoodjudgmen,tmaintainingsituationalawareness, andhavingtheabilitytocopesafelywithchangingandchallengingconditions.” 19 “Lackof airmanship”hasbeencitedasthecauseofcatastrophicaccident 2 s 0 and“remarkableairmanship” asthepredominantfactorinpreventingdisasters. 21 Airmanship,inmanyrespects,definestheessenceofbeingagoodpilot,“pullsitalltogether, 2 ” 2 and“isthe“ultimatesynthesis. 23 ”Ithasevenbeencalled“awayoflife. 2 ” 4 AsNeilVanSickle writesinModernAirmanship,“Airmanshipisthekey.” 25 Itiswidelyacceptedwithinaviationcirclesthatairmanshipiskeytomodernaviation,yet thereisconsiderableconfusionastowhatairmanshipactuallycomprises.Tosomeitis the“stickandrudder”skillsassociatedwithmanualflyign;toothersitisthecognitive skillsassociatedwithdecision-makingandjudgment.Thereisalsoacommonbeliefthat airmanshipcannotformallybetrainedandissimplyacquiredthroughexperience.None oftheseiscompletelytrueonitsown.Instead,airmanshipisamixtureofallofthese attributesandmuchmorebesides. 26 Indeed,airmanshipcanbeviewedasanintegrationofthecoreattributesthatunderlieagood, safe,andfulfillingexperienceforthepilot.Inthisregard,airmanshipisafunctionofthestrength andinteractionofthefollowingqualities: sensitivity–pilotperceptionoffactorsimportanttoeffectivedecision-making, judgment–effectivedecision-making,especiallyinambiguoussituations, commitment–theabilitytocarry-outgooddecisionsinthefaceoftemptationtodo otherwise,and 72 competence–theskillstoexecutedecisionsreliably. Otherconditionsorqualitiesmaybeimportant,too. 28 Furtherresearchshouldhelpidentifyand substantiatethem. TransportCanadahasdefinedairmanshipas“theapplicationofflyingknowledge,skilland 92 experience,whichfosterssafeandefficientflyingoperations.”DougStewart,FAA’s2004CFI oftheYear,definesairmanshipas“theartofflying;apilot’sonenesswithhisrapilaneinthe environmentwithwhichheoperatesit;andaheightenedsenseofawarenessofwhatisoccurring withinthatenvironment.” 30 RichStowell,FAA’s2006CFIoftheYear,assertsthat“airmanship [has]fourprongs:askill-basedprong,aknowledge-basedprong,adecision-makingprong,anda 13 judgmentprong.Theyareallinterrelatedandsortof‘feedoff’ofeachother.” Finally,ithasbeensuggestedthat“allpilotsunderstandwhatairmanshipis,eveniftheycannot defineitinwords.” 32 Airmanshipisthatstrangepowerfulcombinationofskill,knowledgeanddisciplinein actionthatisthedifferencebetweenpassengersandpilots.Itisourcommonheritage withbirdsandsailors[andhasbeencharacterizedasanalogoustoseamanship].Itlinks captainsof500-seatairlinerswithstudentsinsingle-seatgliders,itlinkspilotsof spaceshipsandPiperCubs,fighterjetsandhelicopters.Itisthesweetcentralessenceof piloting. 33 Totheextentthattheromanticlanguageofthisremarkresonateswithpilotsmorethanordinary prose,itmaysuggestthatthereisastrongaestheticcomponentofairmanship—indeed,itcould bethatformanyGApilotsitisthisattractiontoaformofbeautythatmotivateseverythingelse 2

File:<http://www.secureav.com/Comment-AMCC-I.b-General-Responsibilities.pdf> LastUpdated:November7,2006 T HE A VIATORS ’M ODEL C ODEOF C ONDUCT (AMCC)isavailableat<http://www.secureav.com>. theydoinaviation.Inthissense,animportantelementofairmanshipisrelatedtocommitment, 43 whichencouragesidentificationwiththecoreattributespresentedabove. Discipline–Disciplineisafundamentalcomponentofairmanship,andcanbeviewedas aproductofcommitmenttoairmanship. 35 InRedefiningAirmanship,TonyKerncallsdiscipline “thecornerstoneofeffectiveairmanship. 3 ” 6 “Flightdiscipline,”heexplains,“isthestrengthof willrequiredtosystematicallydevelopallareasofairmanshipandexecutesoundjudgmentinthe presenceoftemptationstodootherwise,aswellastosafelyplanandemployanaircraftwithinall operational,regulatory,organizational,andcommonsenseguidelines.” 37 AsJohnSheehanpointsout,“Thedisciplineinvolvedinaccomplishingoperationaltasks thesamewayeverytimeprovidesasafetybuffertoalltypesofoperations.” 38 Consider, forexample,howthelackofsuchdiscipline,suchasdescribedinthefollowinghistorical account,canpotentiallyunderminesafety: Flyingincontrolledairspacedemandedadisciplineandself-controlthatthepilotofthe mid-1930’swasunaccustomedto.Somecarefreespiritssimplyrefusedtofollow proceduresandtakeordersfromFederalgroundpersonnel.Frequently,pilotsrefusedor neglectedtoreporttheirtimeovercheckpoints,dispatchersfailedtorelayinstructions fromATCtopilotsintheair;pilotstookoffbeforereceivingclearances....Some [pilots]evenrefusedtofileaflightplan.Matterseventuallygotsooutofhandthat [certainpilots]weretemporarilyrestrictedtovisualflightruleoperationsuntil[they]fell inlinewithATCprocedures. 39 Excellence–AMCCI.burgesexcellenceinairmanship.Airmanshipconnotesapersonal commitmenttoexcellence,ongoinglearning,andcontinuousself-improvement.Excellencein airmanshipincludesmindfullyadheringtoapplicablerules,whilehavingtheattitude,experience, judgment,andconfidencetodeviatefromruleswhenrequiredbyanemergencysituation.The sameattributesarerequiredwhenencounteringsituationsforwhichthereisnoadequate regulatoryguidance. 40 14 Excellenceincludessuperiororoutstandingperformance.TheAirLinePilotsAssociation,for example,presentsannualSuperiorAirmanshipAwards.Recipientshavebeendescribedas demonstratingsuperiorpilotingskills,fineteamwork,andcalm,professionalresponseunder pressure;treatingnoflightasroutine;andexpectingand“respondingtotheunexpectedtogetthe 24 jobdonewherethereisnochecklist.”AU.S.AirForceAcademyairmanshipawardisissued for“sustainedsuperiorperformance”orforactionsthats“et[recipients]apartfrom contemporaries.” 43 Asmanycivilianandmilitaryawardsprogramsdemonstrate,excellencein airmanshipunderliesflightsafetyandimpliesahighlycovetedstatusandoutstanding performanceasapilot.Nonetheless,theseawardsgenerallyfailtodefineairmanship. 44 AirmanshipandProfessionalism–Airmanshiprequiresadherencetospecificprinciples indecision-making–behaviorconsistentwiththedefinitionofaprofessional.Correspondingly, “airmanshipisthecoreoftheairman’sprofessionalism. 4 ” 5 AsChristopherParkerexplains,a “pilotwithgoodairmanshipisatrueprofessional,regardlessofwhetherornothemakeshis livingbyflying.Hetakesprideinhispilotingability.Hehastheskills,knowledge,and judgmenttoflycompetentlyandsafely.Hehasthepresence,confidence,andmannersthat inspiretrustinhispassengers.Heisresponsibletohispassengers,hisaircraft,andhimself.” 46 Thinkingaboutanddiscussinganaspirationtoprofessionalismhelpsaviatorssurpassmere governmentstandardsandapproachtheidealofexcellenceinairmanship.Airmanshiprequiresa commitmenttoongoingskilldevelopment:“Ultimatelyifourobjectiveisprofessional airmanship,ourobjectivebecomesoneoflearning,maintaining,andenhancingourairman skills.” 47 (AspiringtoprofessionalismisthesubjectofAMCCI.fandcomplementsAMCCI.b onairmanship.) 3

File:<http://www.secureav.com/Comment-AMCC-I.b-General-Responsibilities.pdf> LastUpdated:November7,2006 T HE A VIATORS ’M ODEL C ODEOF C ONDUCT (AMCC)isavailableat<http://www.secureav.com>. Training–Manyflightinstructors,aviationeducationprograms,andothersconcerned withaviationtrainingdostressairmanshipwithoutacknowledgingaspecificdefinition.The NBAAGuidelinesforBusinessAviationPilotT 4 r 8 ainingstatesthat“[t]rainingprogramsshould buildupontheprinciplesofgoodairmanship.”Pilot’sWebstressesthat“[a]ttentionto airmanshipshouldbeginfromthefirstdayoftheaviator’sgroundandflightinstruction.” 49 “Improveme 5 n 0 tsmustnotonlyfocusonflighttechnicalskillsbutalsoonthedevelopmentoftotal airmanship.”TheJournalofAirTransportationWorldwidehasassertedthat“especiallythose whoteachnewpilotshaveamoralobligationtonottalkthetal 5 k 1 aboutgoodairmanshipbutto walkthewalkandprovidethestandardsforotherstoemulate.”Airmanshiphasevenbeen calleda“unifyingethos”inaviatiotnraining. 52 Somequestionwhetherextanttraining methodologiesarewellsuitedtodevelopinggoodjudgment.TheU.S.Armyextols,“Trainfor 35 certainty;educateforuncertainty.” Despitewide-spreadconsensusthatteachingairmanshipisessential,someeducatorsand regulatorshavefoundthatairmanship“isnotreadilycapableofbeingevaluatedormeasured.” 54 Thisperspectiv 5 e 5 coupledwithaninternationalmovementtowards“competencybased”training andevaluationhavecausedthetermairmanshiptobede-emphasizedorremovedfromsome 65 trainingsyllabiandtestingstandards.OnestandardsofficialfromtheAustralianGovernment explained: Inthefirstgenerationofcompetencystandards...airmanshipwashighlighted throughoutthedocument(wehadahighemphasisonit),butwefounditveryhardto measureaccuratelyinmanycases.Forexampleyoucouldarguethatyoucannot measureapersonsattitude(beliefs,conscientiousnessetc),butyoucanmeasureapersons behaviour(manmanagement,discipline,leadership)byusingbehaviouralmarkers.That iswhywemovedawayfrom‘airmanship’....[Nonethele 5 s 7 s,the]conceptofgood airmanship(whateveritis)isgoodandshouldnotbedisregarded. FAAPracticalTestStandardsdonotreferenceairmanship. 58 Whilegovernmentagenciesmust adheretoobjectivetestingcriteria,theAMCCrecognizesthatprecisemeasurementisnot applicabletoeverythingrealormeaningful.Indeed,theAMCCem 59 bracesandadvancespractices gleanedfromtheresultsofqualitativeandnon-empiricalresearch.Moreover,asaliving document,theAMCChasthefreedomtoexperiment,anditsmissionsupportsitsadvocacyand useasanaspirationalresource. TechnologyandAirmanship–Advancedaviationtechnologies,bothinthecockpitand ontheground,haveprecipitatedbothaccoladesandcautions.Glasspanels,flightmanagement systems,flightsimulators,andcomputer-basedflightplanninginvokenewtrainingparadigmsas thosetechnologiesinterfacewithtraditionalairmanship. Thereisgreatconcernthattheintensiveuseoftechnologywilldiminishproficientstickand rudderskillsbecausepilotswillbecomeexcessivelydependentonautomatedsystemstodothe flying,tothedetrimentofproficiency.AnArmywarrantofficerurged: Whenallwehadweresimplesingle-engineaircraft,wewereallbetteraviators.Sure, thisstatementmaybetheresultofa‘Woodenshipsandironmen’attitudeonmypart, butIhonestlyfeelthatwetookourcraftmoreseriouslybackthen.Todaywecounton the...computerandthenavigationsystemstodothetasksweusedtoperformonour knowledgeofballisticsandnavigation.Iwouldbewillingtoputalmostanymid-80’s Cobrapilotupagainstalmostanyoftoday’ 60 sApachepilots.Therearewholeareasof aviationknowledgethataregoneforever.... Anotherpilotasserted,“[w]earerelyingonour‘protected’aircrafttolookafterusratherthan goodairmanshipandadherencetostandardoperatingprocedures.” 61 Someclaimthat,aspilots interfacewithgreaterandmoresophisticatedtechnologies,theynecessarilymustshifttheirfocus 4

File:<http://www.secureav.com/Comment-AMCC-I.b-General-Responsibilities.pdf> LastUpdated:November7,2006 T HE A VIATORS ’M ODEL C ODEOF C ONDUCT (AMCC)isavailableat<http://www.secureav.com>. frompilotingtosystemsmanagement.Abetterviewholdsthatairmanshiprequiresthepilotto developtheknowledge,skills,andjudgmentnecessarytouseattendanttechnologieseffectively. 62 TheFlightSafetyFoundationhasdeveloped“GoldenRules”to“assisttrainees[andexperienced pilots]inmaintainingbasicairmanshipevenastheyprogresstohighlyautomatedaircraft.” 63 Gender-NeutralTerminology–TheAMCC’sIntroductoryCommentarystressesthat “[a]ll[genderspecific]referencesshouldbeinterpretedasgenderneutralunlessotherwise stated.”ThatCommentary’sannotationstates:“[t]helegacyofm-aloerientedtermsis acknowledged(forexample,airman,andairmanship). 64 Becauseofsuchterms’legalstatusand extensiveuseastermsofart,theyareusedherein.” 65 Historically,governmentaviationagenciesandregulationshaveusedsuchterms.Considersuch examplesastheFAA’s“NoticestAoirmen,” 66 c 6 e 7 rtificationof“Airmen,”andofficialuseofterms suchas“UnmannedAerialVehicles”(UAVs).”Oneaviationdictionarydefinesairmanasa 86 “generictermforonewhoflies;anaviator;anaircrewmember,apilot,oranavigtaor. 6 ” 9 And,of course,thetermmanhasbeendefinedasa“humanregardlessofsexorage;aperson.” ConsideralsoAstro 70 nautNealArmstrong’stimelessquote,“Onesmallstepfor[a]man,onegiant leapformankind.”Mankindhasbeendefinedas“thehumanrace;humanbeingscollectively withoutreferencetosex;humankind,” 71 Inthisregard,thetermairmanshipisnomoregender- specificthanthetermhumanity. Somepilotsnonethelessurgethatretainingtraditionaltermssuchasairmanshipandairman reinforcesgenderstereotypesandexacerbatessexistattitudes. 72 Inresponse,theFAAhas consideredandtakensomeresponsiveaction,mostnotablyin1995bychangingtheA IRMAN ’ S 37 I NFORMATION M ANUAL totheA ERONAUTICAL I NFORMATION M ANUAL .Finally,anethical approachtoflying,asunderscoredinAMCCVII.e(promoteethicalbehaviorwithintheGA community)mayfurtherencourageconsiderationofgenderneutrality. 74 TheAMCC accommodatesthesubstitutionofalternativetermsattheimplementer’sdiscretion(seeDrafting Considerations,below). 75 Conclusion–Airmanshipisabroad-based,andsometimesill-definedtermthatdenotesa widerangeofskillsandpracticesfromdiversedisciplines.Itencompassestechnicalskill, decisionmakingability,ethicalresponsibility,andexemplarypersonalconductamongpilots— attributesthatincombinationpromoteeffectiveandsafeflight.Despiteitsimportancetoflight safety,however,theconceptofairmanshiphasnothistoricallyreceivedconsistent,formal emphasisingeneralaviation.Therefore,tohelpaddressthisdeficit,theAMCChighlightsthe conceptofairmanshipbypositioningtheprincipleseekexcellenceinairmanshipasAMCCI.b. AsanumbrellaprovisionintheAMCC,airmanshiprepresentsabroadembodimentoftheCode’s principles.OneAMCCimplementerexclaimed,“Youwanttoknowwhatthemeani 7 n 6 gof Airmanshipistome?TheAMCC.That’sit.Now,trytoputthatinoneword....” C ODE E XAMPLES :  “[P]ilotsshallatalltimesdisplayexemplaryairmanship.”CodeofConduct,British AerobaticAssociation 77  “[E]xhibit[]ahighlevelofairmanship.”CodeofConduct,ArdmoreAirport 78 D RAFTING C ONSIDERATIONS : PrioritizationofPrinciples:SomereviewersurgedthatAMCCPrincipleI.b(seek excellenceinairmanship)istheessenceoftheAMCCandthereforeshouldbe positionedasthefirstprincipletherein.Otherreviewersurgedthatsafetywas 5

File:<http://www.secureav.com/Comment-AMCC-I.b-General-Responsibilities.pdf> LastUpdated:November7,2006 T HE A VIATORS ’M ODEL C ODEOF C ONDUCT (AMCC)isavailableat<http://www.secureav.com>. moreappropriatelypresentedfirst–asacoregoal.Asamodelcodeofconduct, implementersmayprioritizetheprinciplesattheirdiscretion. Gender-NeutralTerminology:Implementersmaysubstituteanalternativeterm forairmanship.Or,implementersmayinsertintroductorytextintheirAMCC implementationsunderscoringthatanyreferencesthatareconsideredgender- specificshouldbeinterpretedasgender-neutral,unlessotherwisestated. ** 1 N EIL D.V AN S ICKLE ,M AJ .G EN ,USAF( RET .),M ODERN A IRMANSHIP Preface(McGraw-HillProfessional 4 th ed.1971). 2 AirmanshipcanbeviewedasthedistillationofAMCCPrinciplesI.a-I.h,ifnottheentireAMCC.If safetyisakeygoaloftheAMCC,airmanshipisthekeyapproachbywhichsafety(inAMCCI.a)is achieved. 3 Theambiguityofthetermairmanshipissharedbymanyspecializedfunctionsinanyculture.Analytic approachestothisambiguitybreakintotwogeneraltypes:descriptionoftheprofessional’sjurisdictionand itsdefinition/limitations,anddescriptionoftheprofessional’sfunction/valueaddedforasetofclients. ThisissueistreatedinmoredepthbelowinAirmanshipandProfessionalism. 4 FAA-H-8083-25(2003),availableat<http://www.faa.gov/library/manuals/aviation/pilot_handbook/>. 5 RecreationalAviationAustraliaInc.,AirmanshipandFlightDiscipline,§7.1,availableat <http://www.auf.asn.au/students/airmanship.html>. 6 ChristopherL.Parker,InstructorTips,AOPAWebsite,at <http://www.aopa.org/asf/publications/inst_reports2.cfm?article=3298>. 7 EmailfromBarrySchiff(Sept.30,2006)(“[Airmanship]isaverydifficultwordtodefine.Itissortof liketryingtodescribethedifferencesbetweenapilotandanaviator(theyarenotthesame.”) 8 T ONY K ERN ,F LIGHT D ISCIPLINE 4(McGraw-Hill1998).(Ed.-Thisisacommonproblem.Uponfurther exploration,wemayfindthatsomeprofessionalswillacknowledgethatthesetypesofchallengesare commoninmanyspecializeddomains.) 9 FAA,A IRPLANE F LYING H ANDBOOK 1-1,FAA-H-8083-3A(2004),availableat <http://www.faa.gov/library/manuals/aircraft/airplane_handbook/media/faa-h-8083-3a-2of7.pdf>;Id.atp. G-1,availableat<http://www.faa.gov/library/manuals/aircraft/airplane_handbook/media/faa-h-8083-3a- 7of7.pdf>. 10 Id;TelephoneInterviewwithRobertJ.Dippi,FAA(Oct.4,2006). 11 H ANDBOOK ,atp.G-1(defining“AirmanshipSkills”asT“heskillsofcoordination,timing,controltouch, andspeedsenseinadditiontothemotorskillsrequiredtoflyanaircraft.”);FAA,AC60-22,Aeronautical DecisionMaking(Dec.13,1991),availableat<http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/Ac60-22.html>(“l.Skillsand Proceduresaretheprocedural,psychomotor,andperceptualskillsusedtocontrolaspecificaircraftorits systems.Theyarethestickandrudderorairmanshipabilitiesthataregainedthroughconventional training,areperfected,andbecomealmostautomaticthroughexperience.”)(emphasisadded). 12 T ONY K ERN ,R EDEFINING A IRMANSHIP 22(McGraw-Hill1997). 31 ICAO,Annex1totheConventiononInt’lCivilAviation—PersonnelLicensing,Ch.1-1,Definitions (Amdt167),availableat <http://www.icao.int/icdb/HTML/English/Representative%20Bodies/Council/Working%20Papers%20by% 20Session/177/C.177.wp.12615.en/C.177.wp.12615.app.en.pdf>[AdoptedattheFlightCrewLicensing andTrainingPanel(FCLTP/2)meeting(MontrealJan.31-Feb.10,2005),at 6

File:<http://www.secureav.com/Comment-AMCC-I.b-General-Responsibilities.pdf> LastUpdated:November7,2006 T HE A VIATORS ’M ODEL C ODEOF C ONDUCT (AMCC)isavailableat<http://www.secureav.com>. <http://www.icao.int/ICDB/HTML/English/Representative%20Bodies/Air%20Navigation%20Commission /Working%20Papers%20by%20Year/2005/AN.2005.WP.8021.EN/AN.2005.WP.8021.EN.HTM>.] T RANSLATIONSANDINTERPRETATIONS –Forthepurposeofcomparativeanalysis(bothlinguisticallyand culturally),considerthefollowingnationalandlanguagetreatmentsofairmanship.(Ed.-Thefollowing materialsarepresentedincomparativelyunabridgedformsothattheycanbetterassistimplementers): Bulgarian:“pilotiranvazdyshenkorab”.EmailfromIvayloDermendjiev,AOPA-Bulgaria(Sept. 2,2006). Canadian:“[T]heapplicationofflyingknowledge,skillandexperiencewhichfosterssafeand efficientflyingoperations.Airmanshipisacquiredthroughexperienceandknowledge.” T RANSPORT C ANADA ,A ERONAUTICAL I NFORMATION M ANUAL ,TP14371,availableat <http://www.tc.gc.ca/CivilAviation/publications/tp14371/AIR/1-1.htm#1-1>. Danish:“flyvefærdighederne”.“FlyvefærdighedernedoesnotappearintheDanishaviation regulations.”EmailfromClausBakPetersen,Pres.,AOPA-Denmark(Aug.28,2006). Dutch:“‘vliegerschap’(vliegerisairman,schapisship).Thedefinitionis:‘Hetgeheelaan eigenschappen(kennis,instellingenvaardigheid)datdevliegerinstaatsteltom,met inachtnemingvanderegelsenvoorschriften,metzijnluchtvaartuigonderalleomstandigheden veiligtekunnenomgaan,zowelopdegrondalsindelucht.’Thewholeofthequalities (knowledge,attitude,andskill)whichenabletheairmantosafelyhandlehisaircraftunderall circumstancesbothonthegroundandintheair,whileobservingtherulesandregulations. Thenotionofairmanshipisknownfordifferentformsofaviation(glider,balloon,aircraft).Itisa commonnotion,oftenreferredtoinregulations,as‘showinggoodairmanship’.Thisdefinitionis fromgliderexamregulations:[STATTSCOURANT] <http://www.zweefvliegopleiding.nl/wegwijzer/opleiding/opleiding_bestanden/examenreglement_ zweefvliegen.htm>.Ihaveseenthesameoneforballoons.Havenotyetfoundthedefinitionin regulationsforgeneralaviation,butIhaveseenreferencestothenotionofairmanship.Suchas <http://www.aopa.nl/Documents/AIC-B_0805_EHEH.pdf>.”EmailfromJanjaapBos(Aug.28, 2006). French:“fairepreuvedequalitésd’aviateur.”ICAVO,ocabulary2001,Doc.9713,availableat <http://www.icao.int/anb/panels/atmrpp/Documents/voc2001.pdf>.TheFrenchtranslationofthe AMCCdefinesairmanshipas“Rechercherl’excellencedansledomainedel’aviatio”n.L E M ODELEDE C ODEDE C ONDUITEDEL ’A VIATEUR ,availableat<http://www.secureav.com/AMCC- French-v1.1.doc>.TheAMCCadoptedthelattertranslation,inpart,“because‘fairepreuvede qualitesd'aviateur’dosenotnecessarilyencompasstheexcellencepart—itconnotesonlybasic knowledgeaboutaviation.Instead,airmanshipshouldconveyasenseofexcellence.”Emailfrom DominiqueMarais,ChiefPilot,WestValleyFlyingClub(Aug.31,2006).(Ed.-Marais spearheadedtheFrenchtranslationoftheAMCC). German:“Airmanshipisnotlistedinthe[German]dictionary.ThenounintheEnglishlanguage, airmanship,hasnoequivalentNOUNintheGermanlanguage.Tocircumventthisproblem,we’ll needtolookforadifferent,i.e.descriptivewayofexpressingtheessenceofwhatyouwanttosay here.Forexample,ifyouwanttouseairmanshipinacontextof,say,attemptingtodescribea generallyacceptedcodeofgoodconductinairtraffic,considerthatagoodmotorvehicleoperator wouldbecalledguterAutofahrerorvorbildlicherAutofahrer.Accordingly,inanairtraffic context,mayIproposevorbildlichesPilotenverhalten,orvorbildlichesVerhaltenimLuftverkehr, orErwartunganvorbildlichePloten/WasvonvorbildlichenPilotenerwartetwird.Depending onyourvariouscontexts,somefurthertranslationsmightbekameradschaftlichesVerhaltenim Luftverkehr,guteRegelnfürgegenseitigeskameradschaftlichesVerhaltenimLuftverkehr.Even beruflicherEhrenkodexorFliegerehrecouldcomeintoplay. 7

File:<http://www.secureav.com/Comment-AMCC-I.b-General-Responsibilities.pdf> LastUpdated:November7,2006 T HE A VIATORS ’M ODEL C ODEOF C ONDUCT (AMCC)isavailableat<http://www.secureav.com>. Accordingly,ifairmanshipisbeingusedinacontextinwhichitistodescribethequalification levelorechelonofatrainedpilot,youwouldthenmuchratherusetermslikefachliche QualifikationorZertifizierung.”EmailfromGeorgesFabricius(Aug.31,2006). “Ifyouwanttounderlinetheprofessionalknowledgeinairmanship,youcanuse Luftfahrerwissen;ifyouwanttounderlinetheartofflyingitwouldbeLuftfahrerkunst. PilotenwissenorPilotenkunstdosoundalittlebetterbutstillnotconvincing.”EmailfromTimm Preusser(Aug.30,2006).(Ed.-PreusserspearheadedtheGermantranslationoftheAMCC).  Italian:“Thereisnolegaloradministrativeofficialtranslationforthewordairmanship,thatis normallytranslatedinItalianas:skillsinpiloting,orsimilar.”EmailfromCarloGolda,Esq. AOPA-Italy(Aug.27,2006).See<http://www.airmanship.it/>(Italianwebsiteentitled Airmanship).  Russian:“.”ICAO,Vocabulary 2001,Doc.9713,availableat<http://www.icao.int/anb/panels/atmrpp/Documents/voc2001.pdf>. Spanish:“Aptitudparaelvuelo.”ICAO,Id.“It’sadifficultwordtotranslatebecauseaswith manyEnglishnounsthereisnoonesinglewordtodescribethemeaninginSpanish.... (Websters’definition)‘Theartofflyingairplanes’.AndWebsters’translation:‘Maesntríae Aviación’,meaningbasically:‘PhDinaviation’.Talkaboutconfusing.Thatcanhaveseveral meaningsdependingagainonhowyouuseit.So,asaresultofmyresearch,tome,airmanshipis notonlyknowinghowtoproperlyfly(anything),isalsoknowinghowtodoitpolitely, conscientiously,righteously,respectfullyandhumbly;keepinginmind‘Iamnottheonlyone’ operatingaircraft,intheairorontheground.”EmailfromTonyAlvarez(Aug.28,2006).(Ed.- AlvarezspearheadedtheSpanishtranslationandVenezuelanimplementationoftheAMCC). Swedish:“Befälhavarskap.”“Takingresponsibilityandexercisingtheauthorityasthecaptainof theship.”EmailfromLarsHjelmberg,AOPA-Sweden(Sept.11,2006).Itdoesnotappearin Swedishaviationregulations“butitshould.”Id. Swiss:TheSwissApplicationforTypeRating/ATPL(Englishversion),FOCAForm60.530- 07.2006AMD4,containsmanyinstancesofairmanship.SwissFederalOfficeofCivilAviation, availableat <http://www.aviation.admin.ch/fachleute/flugpersonal/00318/00758/index.html?lang=en&downlo ad=M3wBPgDB/8ull6Du36WcnojN14in3qSbnpWVZGiZnU6p1rJgsYfhyt3NhqbdqIV+bau5bKb XrZ6lhuDZz8mMps2go6fo&.pdf&.pdf>(Eachpageoftheapplicationstates:“Useofchecklists, airmanshipA/Cmustberespectedinallsections.”Id.)(emphasisadded). 41 T ONY K ERN ,R EDEFINING A IRMANSHIP 199(McGraw-Hill1997).SeeWhatisAirmanship?,F LIGHT S AFETY A USTRALIA (May-June2005),p.23,at<http://www.casa.gov.au/fsa/2005/jun/22-23.pdf> (InterviewofSteveTizzardurgingthatKern’smodelofairmanshipis“alittleacademic”;andrecounting hisinstructor’sassertionthatairmanshipis“[c]ommonbloodysensearoundaeroplanes”and“bornoflogic andexperience:boththepassingonofhard-learnedlessonsfromanexperiencedgrouptoayounger generation,andthroughcontinuousdevelopmentofskillsandability”Id.). 15 A N I LLUSTRATED D ICTIONARYOF A VIATION 45(BharatKumar,DaleDeRemer,Ph.D.,etal.,Eds., McGraw-Hill2005). 16 See,e.g.,AustralianCivilAviationSafetyAuthority,DayVFRSyllabus–Aeroplanes,§1.1,atp.2-4 (June17,2005),availableat<http://www.casa.gov.au/fcl/download/vfra_s02.rtf>(“Simplydefined, airmanshipistheabilitytoflysafely.”). 71 T ONY K ERN ,R EDEFINING A IRMANSHIP 313(McGraw-Hill1997). 18 FrederickHansen,J OUR . OF A IR T RANSPORTATION W ORLD W IDE (1998),availableat <http://ntl.bts.gov/data/letter_am/jatww3-2hansen.pdf>. 8

File:<http://www.secureav.com/Comment-AMCC-I.b-General-Responsibilities.pdf> LastUpdated:November7,2006 T HE A VIATORS ’M ODEL C ODEOF C ONDUCT (AMCC)isavailableat<http://www.secureav.com>. 19 BarrySchiff,Airmanship–ProficientPilot,AOPAP ILOT 46(Oct.2003),availableat <http://www.aopa.org>.SeeMicaR.Endsley,ToddC.Farley,etal.,SituationAwarenessInformation RequirementsForCommercialAirlinePilots,Int’lCenterforAirTransportation,Dept.ofAeronautics& Astronautics,MIT(Sept.1998),availableat <http://www.satechnologies.com/Papers/pdf/SAcommpilots.pdf>(situationalawarenesspresentedasa fundamentalrequirementforgoodairmanship). 20 DavidKaminski-Morrow,Lackof‘Airmanship’doomed737F,lightWebsite,at <http://62.189.48.33/Articles/2006/08/01/Navigation/195/208177/'Lack+of+airmanship'+doomed+737.htm .>l 21 YannickMalinge,VP,FlightSafety,Airbus,A300B4LossofAllHydraulics,Baghdad:ARemarkable ExampleofAirmanship,ISASI2004(Nov.22,2003),availableat <http://www.asasi.org/papers/2004/Malinge_Airbus%20Bagdhad_ISASI04.pdf>;AirLinePilotsAss’n, Canadianpilotawardedfor‘dea-dstick’landing(Aug.23,2002),availableat <http://xmb.stuffucanuse.com/xmb/viewthread.php?tid=14>(“Thespiritofairmanshipthatisinvloved hereistheamazingfeatoftaking[an]airplanethatlostbothitsenginesat35,000feetandpilotingit...70 milesandmakingaprecisionpinpointlandingonatinyspeckledisland.”). 22 K ERN ,R EDEFINING A IRMANSHIP 313(McGraw-Hill1997). 23 TelephoneInterviewwithRichardD.Marks,Esq.,ATP(Sept.8,2006). 24 (Nov14,2005),at<http://www.avcom.co.za/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?t=1628>. 25 N EIL D.V AN S ICKLE ,M AJ .G EN ,USAF( RET .),M ODERN A IRMANSHIP Preface(McGraw-Hill Professional4 th ed.1971). 26 LouiseEbbageandPhilD.Spencer,AirmanshipTrainingforModernAircrew,BAESystems,RTO- MP-HFM-101(Apr.2004),PaperpresentedattheRTOHFMSymposiumon“AdvancedTechnologiesfor MilitaryTraining,”heldinGenoa,Italy13–15Oct.2003,availableat <http://stinet.dtic.mil/oai/oai?&verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA428471>. 27 SeeP OSTCONVENTIONAL M ORAL T HINKING :AN EO -K OHLBERGIAN A PPROACH 100(DarciaNarvaez, MurielJ.Bebeau,etal,Eds.LawrenceErlbaumAsso.1999);EmailfromBillRhodes,Ph.D.(Aug.25, 2006)(adding“atleastsomesortofaccountofvirtuosity”toKohlberg’slist). 82 Forexample,airmanshiphasanimportantculturalaspect.SeePatrickR.Veillette,Ph.D.,Cowboy Pilots,B USINESS &C OMMERCIAL A VIATION (June2006).SeealsoAMCCVII.d,advanceageneral aviationculture...”(emphasisadded). 29 TransportCanada,AviationSafetyLetter(Mar.2004),atp.3,availableat <http://www.tc.gc.ca/CivilAviation/SystemSafety/Newsletters/tp185/pdf/3_2004.pdf#search=%22airmansh ip%20and%20sms%22>. 30 TelephoneInterviewwithDougStewart(Aug.24,2006). 31 TelephoneInterviewwithRichStowell(Aug.22,2006). 32 Theauthor’ssolicitationofadefinitionofairmanshipfrommanypilotsresultedinasurprisingnumber of“JusticePotterStewar-tlike”responses:“IknowitwhenIseeit.” 33 DavidEnglish,TheInnerArtofAirmanship,at<http://www.hikoudo.com>. 34 EmailfromBillRhodes,Ph.D.(Sept.1,2006). 35 Acommitmenttoairmanshipincludesacommitmenttounderstandingone’sstrengthsandweaknesses, anddiscipliningoneselfaccordingly. 9

File:<http://www.secureav.com/Comment-AMCC-I.b-General-Responsibilities.pdf> LastUpdated:November7,2006 T HE A VIATORS ’M ODEL C ODEOF C ONDUCT (AMCC)isavailableat<http://www.secureav.com>. 36 T ONY K ERN ,R EDEFINING A IRMANSHIP 7(McGraw-Hill1997).SeeMichelTreskin,TransportCanada, Debrief–Airmanship:DeadorAlive?,TP-185AviationSafetyLetter,availableat <http://www.tc.gc.ca/CivilAviation/publications/tp185/3-05/debrief.htm>. 37 T ONY K ERN ,R EDEFINING A IRMANSHIP 9(McGraw-Hill1997). 83 JohnJ.Sheehan,ALARmingFindings,AOPAP ILOT 105,108(May2003)(emphasisadded),available at<http://www.aopa.org>. 39 N ICK A.K OMONS ,B ONFIRESTO B EACONS 318-319(SmithsonianInstitutionPress1989).Thisquote helpsilluminateearlychallengestoairmanship. 40 Considerthatmindfuladherenceisdistinctfrombeingmindfulof.Toadheremindfullymeanstobeable tointerprettherulesappropriatelyunderanygivencircumstancetohelpframethebestpossibledecision. Itsuggeststhatthepilotunderstandstherulesbaseduponhowthoseprinciplesmightbearontheorganic processofflying.Mindfuladherenceimpliesunderstandingofthepurposeoftherule,whilebeingmindful ofthemsuggeststhatknowingtherulesisenough. 41 See,e.g.,OrderofDaedalian,LieutenantGeneralHaroldL.GeorgeCivilianAirmanshipAward, availableat<http://www.daedalians.org/about/about.htm>(ability,judgmentand/orheroismaboveand beyondnormaloperationalrequirements).SeeU.S.AirForceOrder,§4.2.2.1(Oct.2005),availableat <http://www.e-publishing.af.mil/pubfiles/419fw/11/afi11-418_419fwsup1_i/afi11-418_419fwsup1_i.pdf> (soundairmanship).Theliteraturealsocontainsthenotionofbasicairmanship.Querywhetherthedisplay ofbasicairmanshipisthenormor,infact,somethingbeyondthenorm.See,e.g.,ICAO,at <http://www.icao.int/anb/humanfactors/Dublin_2003_Proceedings.pdf>. 42 AirLinePilotsAss’n,ALPAHonorsAwardRecipientsatAirSafetyForum,51 st ALPAAirSafety Forum2005,at<http://www.alpa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=483>(includesvideoreenactmentsand speeches). 43 U.S.AirForceAcademy,Col.JamesJabaraAwardforAirmanship(May12,2005),availableat <http://www.afrc.af.mil/news/story.asp?storyID=123012490>(presentedtoanAirForceAcademy graduate,livingordeceased,whoseactions,directlyassociatedwithanaerospacevehicle,sethimorher apartfromcontemporaries.)Othermilitaryawardsforairmanshipinclude,forexample:anAirNational GuardUnitAwardforoutstandingairmanship,at<http://www.afa.org/AboutUs/nawards.asp>;theU.S. Army’s,AirMedal,availableat<http://www.armyawards.com/am.shtml>;andanAirMobility Command’sExcellenceinAirmanshipAward(Nov./Dec.2002),availableat <http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps1390/Nov-Dec%2002.pdf#search=%22air%20award%20- %20airmanship%22>. 44 Forexample,TheFederationInternationalAéronautique(FIA)providesTheDiplomaforOutstanding Airmanship.Itseligibilityrequirementstates,“Itshallbeawardedtoapersonoragroupofpersonsfora featofoutstandingairmanshipinsub-orbitalflightduringoneoftheprevioustwoyearswhichresultedin thesavingoflifeofothersorwascarriedoutwiththatobjective”yetfailstodefineairmanship.Available at<http://www.fai.org/awards/>.EmailtotheFIAsolicitingtheirdefinitionforairmanshipprecipitated thefollowingresponse,“Iregretwedon’thaveanythingmoreaboutthis.”EmailfromChristineRousson, FIA(Aug.21,2006).Perhapsthecriteriafortheserewardsrelyonarelativelynarrowconceptionof airmanship–focusedprimarilyonstickandrudderskills. 45 Pilots’Web,at<http://www.pilotsweb.com/article/airman.htm>. 46 ChristopherL.Parker,InstructorsTips,AOPAWebsite,Aug.2002,at <http://www.aopa.org/asf/publications/inst_reports2.cfm?article=3298>.Inspiringtrustinpassengersis important,butsubjecttomanipulation.Inspiringtrustinfellowpilotsislikelyasuperiormeasureof airmanship. 01

File:<http://www.secureav.com/Comment-AMCC-I.b-General-Responsibilities.pdf> LastUpdated:November7,2006 T HE A VIATORS ’M ODEL C ODEOF C ONDUCT (AMCC)isavailableat<http://www.secureav.com>. 47 RonL.Daniels,Airmanship,at<http://airmanship.blogspot.com/2005/03/conclusion-what-is- airmanship.html>. 48 Nat’lBusinessAviationAss’nN,BAAGuidelinesforBusinessAviationPilotTraining,Ver.1(Sept.1, 2002),availableat<www.nbaa.org/conventions/2002/articles/doc/nbaa2002_trainforsuccess.doc>. 49 Airmanship,WhoNeedsIt?,Pilot’sWeb,at<http://www.pilotsweb.com/article/airman.htm>. 50 FransM.Verheijen,FlightTrainingandPilotEmployment,Report,CityUniversity,London(July17, 2002),atp.iii,availableat<http://airwork.nl/kennisbank/Flight_Training_and_Pilot_Employment.pdf>. 51 FrederickHansen,J OUR . OF A IR T RANSP .W ORLD W IDE (1998),availableat <http://ntl.bts.gov/data/letter_am/jatww3-2hansen.pdf>. 52 Lt.Col.JohnM.FawcettJr.,USAF(Ret.),Training-TheFoundationforAirandSpacePower Transformation,A IR &S PACE P OWER J OUR .(Summer2003),availableat <http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj03/sum03/fawcett.html>. 53 CommandandGeneralStaffCollege,U.S.Army,availableat<http://www- cgsc.army.mil/principles.asp>. 54 EmailfromPhilAstley,CivilAviationSafetyAuth.,AustralianGov’t(Aug.29,2006).“Theoldthrow awayline‘nowthatwaspoorairmanship’wouldhavetobebackedupbyobservableevidencee.g.,a‘tth waspoorairmanshipbecauseyourdecisionwasincorrect/late/notmade’or‘thatwasgoodairmanship becauseyouturnedaroundandreturnedtoanaerodromebecauseflightvisibilityreducedbelow5km’.” EmailfromPhilAstley(Sept.20,2006). 55 ICAO,Annex1totheConventiononInt’lCivilAviation—PersonnelLicensing,Ch.1-1,Definitions [Amdt167],availableat <http://www.icao.int/icdb/HTML/English/Representative%20Bodies/Council/Working%20Papers%20by% 20Session/177/C.177.wp.12615.en/C.177.wp.12615.app.en.pdf>. 56 Thisreductionismistrueinmanyfieldsotherthanairmanship.Arguablytimewilltellushowsuccessful itwillbe. 75 EmailfromPhilAstley,CivilAviationSafetyAuth.,AustralianGov’t(Aug.29,2006). 58 “ClearlythePTSevaluatesapilot’sskillinpilotingandnavigatinganaircraft,soifoneacceptsthis definition,thenairmanshipisevaluated.Ifyouhaveadifferentdefinitioni.e.,headworkwhileflying,then thatisembeddedintheevaluationofotherTASKS,sinceitiscentraltoeveryTASKevaluatedduringeach practicaltest.Itisnotevaluatedasastandaloneitem.”EmailfromMarkAldridge,AirmanTesting StandardsBranch,FAA(Sept.26,2006). 59 SeeIntroductiontotheCommentary,§11,ResearchMethodology,SecureAv(2005),at <http://www.secureav.com/Comment-AMCC-Introduction.pdf>. 06 AnArmyaviator'sfinalwords-theymayapplytoairlinetechnologyandpractices,A IR S AFETY W EEK (Apr.10,2000),availableat<http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0UBT/is_15_14/ai_61433673>. 61 VictoriaButton,Airbuspilots'tooreliantontechnology',PPRuNe(Aug.30,2002),availableat <http://www.pprune.org/forums/showthread.php?t=65332>. 62 Thereisevenacommercialproductcalled“AutomationAirmanship”whichclaimstod“efine[]the futureofcockpitexcellence.”SeeConvergentKnowledgeSolutions,LLC,availableat <http://www.convergent- knowledge.com/Products/Convergent%20Cockpit/Automation%20Airmanship/index.html>(“This researchbased,flight-deck-provenprogramunifiesthemanydiverseskillsthatadvancedtechnology requires–beyondthosetraditionallyrecognizedbymostorganizations.Itspecificallydecodes,teachesand 11