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Paralympic Games From 1960 to 2004

HELLENIC REPUBLIC MINISTRY OF NATIONAL EDUCATION AND RELIGIOUS AFFAIRS

ATHENS 2004 Organising Committee for the Olympic Games

The Paralympic Games From 1960 to 2004

Editors-in-chief:Efthymis Kioumourtzoglou, Kostas Politis

Design & Implementation Team: Christina Evangelinou, Dina Goutziamani-Sotiriadi, Iraklis Kellis, Sakis Kostaris, Dimitra Koutsouki, Evdokia Samuelidou,Yves Vanlandewijck, Nikos Vassiliades, Tryphon Zacharopoulos. Editor (original version):Angeliki Tseliou

Illustration:Maro Alexandrou

Translation-Text editing:Services S.A.Lexicon Translation Educational Game Design:Iraklis Kellis

Educational Video Design: SophieSamara, Nikos Vassiliades

The Organising Committee for the Olympic Games ATHENS 2004 would like to extend its heartfelt thanks to the International Paralympic Committee for granting it the right to republish photographic material and for the audio-visual material used in the educational video as well as the Organising Committee for the Winter Olympic Games in Salt Lake City 2002 for granting the right to republish photographic material from the Paralympic Winter Games.

Copyright © 2002 ATHENS 2004 Organising Committee for the Olympic Games

Introduction

A few words about this publication

The printed and audiovisual educational material entitled The Paralympic Games from 1960 to 2004was prepared as part of the activities of the ATHENS 2004 Training and Education Department, supporting the contribution of ATHENS 2004 Organising Committee for the Olympic Games to the institution and history of the Paralympic Games. A contribution which, inter alia, promotes significant initiatives taken by Athens: the joint Organising Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Games, full coverage of athlete participation fees, and the provision of choice and equal opportunities for all. The material selected by the planning and implementation team attempts to arouse the critical thinking and creative imagination of school pupils so as to convey concepts, interpret roles, adopt specific forms of action and promote the values put forward by both the International Paralympic Movement and the Organising Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Games in Athens. The role of the educator is multifaceted: first absorbing the information himself and then transmitting it to the school pupils, inspiring and motivating them. The educational material here is flexible allowing it to be used depending on the special circumstances of each environment (age, pupil needs and interests, equipment available and so on). Designed to be used both in primary and secondary level education, it provides alternative proposals with emphasis on initiative and the active involvement of pupils, with the main goal being to raise awareness about sports for people with a disability.

More specifically, in preparing this material the aims sought were to:

• raise awareness about the ideas of Olympism and the Paralympic Movement

• provide information about preparation and hosting of the Paralympic Games

• develop a new, positive attitude towards people with a disability

• Inspire pupils with the passion and decisiveness of athletes participating in the Paralympic Games

• Bring pupils to comprehend the right to autonomous developmen and equal participation.

The printed educational material consists of 6 sections:

The first entitled "References - Approaches" is mainly aimed at educators. It is divided into 9 thematic sub-sections and provides information on the history of the Paralympic Movement and on issues connected to it. In preparing this section representatives of the Greek and foreign academic community collaborated with members of the International Paralympic Committee. The second section entitled "Information Pages" is intended for use in the classroom and contains a wealth of information relating to the institution of the

Paralympic Games and the events in 2004. The third section entitled "From Theory to Practice" includes a series of activities (movement-based, theoretical and visual art activities) to be carried out in and out of school. Some are intended for primary school level and others for secondary school. All activities seek to raise awareness and provide information to pupils about the Paralympic Games. Before commencing an activity, reproduction and distribution of the corresponding Information Page is recommended. Moreover, the educator can always turn to the relevant chapter of "References - Approaches". The fourth section entitled "Greek Athletes" contains brief resumes of Greek Athletes from the Paralympic Games that contain their achievements and goals for the future. In this way pupils will get to know and be encouraged to come into contact with Greek athletes, to learn more about their life, efforts and plans as far as their professional career is concerned. The fifth section entitled "Sources" contains an extensive bibliography that is perfect for further research into matters concerning people with a disability. It can be used as a tool by the educator and (optionally) by pupils who want to expand their research. Finally the board game "From 1960 to 2004" can be used on its own or to complement other activities. By playing this game, pupils learn the Paralympic sports, the values of the Paralympic Games and the history of the Paralympic Movement. The educational material is supplemented by a video cassette entitled The Paralympic Gameswhich presents the main figures from the Paralympic Games, the 18 Paralympic sports and their rules of play as well as three Greek athletes who talk about their efforts, distinctions and the importance of participating in this leading celebration of sport.

All of those who collaborated in developing the material you now hold in your hands believe that the Paralympic Games can - and should - hold a place both in the Olympic Education syllabus and in the general school curriculum. They also consider that its practical implementation, seminars, events and the evaluation procedure laid down, and in particular the response and ideas of pupils, important not only for promoting and disseminating the spirit of social responsibility and the right of all to participate, but also for enriching the material with new information and proposals.

ATHENS 2004 Organising Committee for the Olympic Games

Table of Contents:

• Introduction

• References-Perspectives 1. History 2. Participation Criteria 3. Classification 4. Sports 5. Athletes’ Careers 6. The Right to Participate 7. Social Dimensions 8. The Athlete’ s Perspective 9. XII Paralympic Games ATHENS 2004

• Fact Sheets

• From Theory to Practice a) Primary School Appendix (games) b) Junior - Senior High School

• Greek Athletes

• Sources

• From 1960 to 2004 (A game)

References - Perspectives

RefPeerresnpcecsti-ves

History

History of the Paralympic Movement

Berlinda Nadarajar, Media Assistant, International Paralympic Committee

The Paralympic Games is the highest-level spor ting competition for elite athletes with a disability, and the second-largest spor ting event in the world after the Olympic Games. Athletes come from six disability groups:athletes with an amputation, athletes with cerebral palsy, athletes with intellectual disability*, athletes with visual impairment, athletes with spinal chord injuries, and Les Autres (French for "the others", athletes having a physical disability that does not fall into the other categories). The XI Paralympic Summer Games Sydney 2000 was a resounding success. Around 4,000 athletes from 123 delegations competed in 18 sports for 550 gold medals. At the VIII Paralympic Winter Games Salt Lake City 2002, some 580 athletes took par t in three winter spor ts. The XII Paralympic Summer Games ATHENS 2004 is expected to host about 4,000 athletes from 130 countries.

Outstanding performances by athletes with times merely seconds or tenths of seconds behind those of able-bodied athletes in spor ts such as track and swimming have raised expectations. For example, Ajibola Adeoye from Nigeria, an arm amputee, holds the Paralympic record of 10.72 seconds in the men's 100m (class T46). His record time for the 100m puts him close behind the Olympic record of 9.84 seconds set by Donovan Bailey from Canada at the 1996 Atlanta Games. Visually impaired swimmer Trischa Zorn a visually impaired swimmer missed qualifying for the US Olympic swimming team by 0.01 seconds in 1992, but went on to win 10 Paralympic gold medals that same year. Some Paralympic records in powerlifting actually exceed the records achieved by able-bodied athletes in four classes. While the world record for the able-bodied 60-kilogram class stands at 190kg, Metwaly Ibrahim Mathana from Egypt holds the Paralympic record in the same class at 202.5kg. The performances of athletes with a disability are rapidly surpassing previous records and they are proving themselves to be a strong force in the world of elite spor t competition. What lies behind the shor t but eventful history of this young and growing spor ts movement? The history of the Paralympic Games and the Paralympic Movement can be traced back to Dr. Ludwig Guttmann (later knighted Sir Ludwig Guttmann), a neurosurgeon who founded the Spinal Cord Injuries Centre at Stoke Mandeville Hospital in Great Britain in February 1944.

2

Following the Second World War, traditional methods of rehabilitation were no longer responsive enough to the medical and psychological needs of large numbers of soldiers and civilians with a disability. At the request of the British Government, Dr. Ludwig Guttmann, a newly-emigrated German neurologist and neurosurgeon, set up a Spinal Cord Injuries Centre at Stoke Mandeville Hospital in Aylesbury in 1944. Guttmann's stroke of genius and foresight was to make spor t an integral par t in the treatment and rehabilitation of patients with spinal cord injuries. Convinced of the success of this philosophy, he organised the first Stoke Mandeville Games in July 1948 with two teams, one from the Stoke Mandeville Hospital and one from the Star and Gar ter Home for disabled ex-servicemen in Richmond, London. On the front lawns of Stoke Mandeville Hospital, 16 wheelchair competitors took par t in an archery event. The next year, teams from five hospitals or homes competed. As early as in 1949, Guttmann saw the potential of the Stoke Mandeville Games to become the equivalent of the Olympic Games for athletes with disabilities. His enthusiasm spread and new spor ts were gradually introduced:athletics, basketball, fencing, snooker, table tennis and swimming. Guttmann's vision of international games came true in 1952. One of the frequent visitors to Stoke Mandeville was Colonel J.S. Keyser, Medical Director of the Military Rehabilitation Centre in Doorn, the Netherlands. He sent a team of four Dutch paraplegic war veterans to par ticipate with their British comrades, thus creating the first International Stoke Mandeville Games. By 1954, more countries were par ticipating, the competitors coming mostly from hospitals or centres that followed the philosophy of including spor t as par t of their rehabilitation programme. As the Games grew, questions of suitable venues, accommodation and funding arose. In May 1957, Guttmann and Joan Scruton, Secretary of the Spinal Cord Injuries Centre at Stoke Mandeville, attended the first "Exper ts Meeting on Spor ts for the Disabled", convened by the World Veterans Federation in Paris. It was agreed that the time had come for technical exper ts to discuss and unify international spor ts regulations for athletes with spinal cord injuries. Subsequent meetings were attended by trainers, doctors and referees, and many technical and organisational aspects were discussed and amended.

Already in 1958, Guttmann discussed with Professor Antonio Maglio, Director of the Spinal Centre at the Italian institute INAIL, the possibility of staging the 1960 International Stoke Mandeville Games in Rome, the city chosen by the International Olympic Committee for the 1960 Olympic Games. At the annual meeting of the World Veterans Federation in Rome in May 1959, Guttmann and Maglio reached agreement with INAIL and the Italian authorities to hold the Stoke Mandeville Games in the Olympic City of Rome-news that was enthusiastically welcomed. In July 1959, an organising structure called the International Stoke Mandeville Games Committee was formed. It comprised five members:Great Britain as a permanent member, the host country Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium and France. Guttmann was elected President, and Joan Scruton, Secretary-General. The stage was set for the 1960 Stoke Mandeville Games in Rome, which were to go down in history as the first "Paralympic Games", opening the way for athletes with disability to aspire to and achieve elite performances and recognition. In 1960, the first Paralympic Games to be held in the same host city as the Olympic Games took place in Rome shortly after the Olympic Games, with about 400 athletes from 23 countries. Since then, the Paralympic Games has been held every four years, presenting a highpoint in the international spor ts calendar for athletes with a disability. While the 1960 Games was solely for wheelchair athletes, different disability groups were added and integrated over the years. The 1976 Paralympic Games in Toronto was the first to feature amputee and visually impaired

athletes. Then at the 1980 Paralympic Games in Arnhem, athletes with cerebral palsy competed for the first time. The 1996 Atlanta Paralympic Games saw the first-time par ticipation of athletes with an intellectual disability. Guttmann originally wanted to call the Games "the Olympics of the Paralysed". However, this phrase was not adopted as it applied to only one disability group among others. "Paralympic Games" has been the official term since 1988. The word "Paralympic" derives from a combination of three sources:the Latin adjective "par" ("similar" or "the same"), the Greek preposition "para" ("next to" or "alongside"), and the word "Olympic" (the Paralympic Games being held parallel to the Olympic Games) "Mind, Body, Spirit", the most significant elements of the human being, was adopted as the motto of the Paralympic Games and Movement.

In 1982, the International Coordinating Committee of World Spor ts Organisations for the Disabled (ICC) was established to govern the Paralympic Games and to represent the par ticipating organisations in dialogues with the International Olympic Committee and other global organisations.

3

The Paralympic Games of Seoul 1988 and Barcelona 1992 were to be a milestone in the Paralympic Movement. For both Games, the competitions Paralympic Games were held in the same spor ts venues as the Olympic Games. While a separate Paralympic Village was built in Seoul in 1988, athletes with and without a disability have been able to use the same Games Village since Barcelona 1992. Along with the Paralympic Summer Games, the Paralympic Winter Games have developed beginning in the 1970s. The first Paralympic Winter Games was held in 1976 in Ornskoldsvik, Sweden. This was followed by Geilo/Norway 1980, Innsbruck/Austria 1984 and 1988, Tignes-Alber tville/France 1992, Lillehammer/Norway 1994 and Nagano/Japan 1998. On 22 September 1989, a new governing body-the International Paralympic Committee (IPC)-was established, as it was the goal to create an international representative organisation, with democratically elected representatives, of elite spor ts for athletes with a disabilitiy. The IPC officially replaced the ICC following the 1992 Paralympic Games in Barcelona. The IPC today includes more than 150 member nations, represented through their National Paralympic Committees (NPCs), and five disability oriented international spor ts organisations, collectively known as International