Leveraging Migration for Africa

Dilip Ratha

Description

A joint effort led by the African Development Bank and the World Bank, 'Leveraging Migration for Africa' is the first comprehensive publication on harnessing migration, remittances, and other diaspora resources for the development of Africa. It comes at a time when countries in Africa and elsewhere are grappling with difficult choices on how to manage migration.
Policy makers can help leverage the contributions of migrants to the development of Africa, reduce
remittance costs, improve the efficiency of remittance markets in both origin and destination countries, and address the needs of the origin countries without restricting the emigration of high-skilled professionals. Innovative financing mechanisms such as issuance of diaspora bonds and securitization of future remittance flows can help finance big-ticket projects, such as railways, roads, power plants, and institutions of higher learning that will, step by step, help to transform Africa. This volume contributes to a greater understanding of migration and its potential role in Africa's development.

Sujets

• Remittance
• Migration
• Developing country
• Immigration
• Labour economics
• Legal status

Informations

• Publié par: world-bank-publications
• Publié le: 26 avril 2011
• Nombre de lectures: 42
• EAN13: 9780821387184
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 4 Mo

Extrait

LEVERAGING MIGRATION
for AFRICA
Remittances, Skills, and InvestmentsLeveraging Migration for AfricaLeveraging Migration for Africa
Remittances, Skills, and Investments
Dilip Ratha
Sanket Mohapatra
C ¸a˘ g lar Özden
Sonia Plaza
William Shaw
Abebe Shimeles
Washington, DC© 2011 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank
1818 H Street NW
Washington DC 20433
Telephone: [phone]
Internet: www.worldbank.org
All rights reserved
1 2 3 4 14 13 12 11
This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Devel-
opment / The World Bank. The fi ndings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this
volume do not necessarily refl ect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or
the governments they represent.
The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The
boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work
do not imply any judgement on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of
any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.
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All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to
the Offi ce of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433,
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ISBN: 978-0-8213-8257-8
eISBN: 978-0-8213-8718-4
DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8257-8
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Leveraging migration for Africa : remittances, skills, and investments / edited by
Dilip Ratha.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8213-8257-8 — ISBN 978-0-8213-8718-4 (electronic)
1. Emigrant remittances—Africa. 2. Africa—Emigration and immigration—Economic
aspects. 3. African diaspora—Economic aspects. 4. Investments, Foreign—Africa.
5. Economic development—Africa. I. Ratha, Dilip.
HG3982.L48 2011
338.96—dc22
2011012319
Cover painting: Diana Ong/SuperStock by Getty Images
Cover design: Drew FasickTable of Contents
Foreword xi
Acknowledgmentsxiii
Abbreviationsxvii
Introduction and Summary 1
Trends in African Migration 1
Managing Migration 3
Improving the Effi ciency of Migrant Remittances 4
Addressing High-Skilled Migration 7
Eliciting Contributions from Diasporas 9
The Way Forward 11
Bibliography 12
Chapter 1 Migration Patterns and Policies in Africa 13
Migration from and within Africa 15
Immigration to Africa 23
Understanding Cross-Country Migration Patterns 23
Socioeconomic Characteristics of Migrants from Africa 26
Managing Migration 30
Annex 1A 38
Notes 40
Bibliography 41
Chapter 2 Migrant Remittances 47
Recent Remittance Trends and the Impact of the Global
Financial Crisis 49
Implications of Remittances at the Macroeconomic Level 54
vvi Table of Contents
Development Impact of Remittances at the Microeconomic
Level 60
Remittance Markets in Africa 73
Toward Less Costly and More Transparent Remittances:
Policy Changes 84
Annex 2A 92
Notes 96
Bibliography 99
Chapter 3 Migration of the Highly Skilled 109
Benefi ts and Patterns of High-Skilled Migration 111
Earnings of Tertiary-Educated Migrants in Destination
Labor Markets 124
Policy Options 137142
Bibliography 143
Chapter 4 Harnessing the Resources of the Diaspora 147
Locating the African Diaspora 148
Benefi ting from Diasporas 150
An Emerging Policy Agenda to Maximize the Benefi ts of
Diasporas 165
Annex 4A Examples of African Government Institutions
Dealing with Diaspora Communities Abroad 177
Notes 180
Bibliography 183
Boxes
1.1 Problems with Data on African Migration 16
1.2 Forced Migration in Africa 20
1.3 The Social Costs and Benefi ts of Migration 31
1.4 The Evolution of European Policies toward Migration
from Africa 36
2.1 How Do Remittances Affect Education Outcomes? 66
2.2 Moving Money through M-Pesa in Kenya 81
2.3 Post Offi ces and Remittances in Africa: A Pilot Project in
West Africa 85
2.4 Policy Initiatives on Remittances in Africa 86
2.5 Increasing Transparency and Competition in Remittance
Markets: Wall Street Reforms and the European Union’s
Payment Services Directive 88Table of Contents vii
3.1 The Brain Gain 112
3.2 Migration Patterns of Ghana’s Best and Brightest 126
3.3 Ghana: A Case Study of Emigrant Physicians 132
3.4 Incentives to Retain Health Professionals in Ghana 139
4.1 Defi ning Diasporas 149
4.2 A Case Study of African Associations in Denmark 162
4.3 Educating the Rwandan Diaspora about Elections in
Rwanda 168
4.4 The Role of Embassies in Enabling Diasporas 174
Figures
1 Stock of Emigrants from Africa, 2010 2
2 Remittances and Other Resource Flows to Africa,
1990–2010 5
3 High-Skill Migration Rates in Africa, by Country Size and
Income Level, 2000 8
4 Major Destination Countries for Emigrants from Africa,
2010 10
1.1
2010 17
1.2 Rate of Migration, by Country, 2010 18
1.3 Major Migration Corridors in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2010 22
1.4 Rate of Immigration to African Countries, 2010 24
1.5 Relationship between Intra-African Migration and
per Capita GDP, 2006 24
1.6 Relationship between Emigration Rates to OECD Countries
and Log per Capita GDP in Africa, 1990–2000 25
1.7 Relationship between Colonial Links and Emigration
Patterns in Africa 26
2.1 Remittances and Other Resource Flows to Africa,
1990−2010 50
2.2 Source of Remittances to Africa and to All Developing
Regions, 2010 53
2.3 Stability of Various Sources of Resource Flows to Africa,
1990–2008 55
2.4 External Debt as a Share of Exports from and Remittances
to Selected Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa 56
2.5 Percentage of Remittance Recipients in Top Two
Consumption Quintiles in Selected African Countries,
by Source of Remittances 61viii Table of Contents
2.6 Average Annual Remittances in Selected African Countries,
by Source of Remittances 62
2.7 Secondary and Tertiary Education Attainment of
Remittance Recipient and Nonrecipient Households
in Selected Countries in Africa 67
2.8 Share of Population in Burkina Faso and Ghana with
Concrete Houses, by Remittance Status 70
2.9 Percent of Households with Bank Accounts in Selected
African Countries, by Remittance Status 72
2.10 Factors Inhibiting the Use of Formal Remittance
Channels in Sub-Saharan Africa and All Developing
Countries 74
2.11 Cost of Sending Remittances to and from Developing
Regions 75
2.12 Cost of Sending $200 within Sub-Saharan Africa 76
2.13 Measures of Retail Banking Accessibility in Developing
Regions 77
2.14 Formal and Informal Remittance Channels in Africa 79
2.15 Most Important Areas Related to Migrants and Remittances
Needing Attention, According to Central Banks in
Sub-Saharan Africa 87
3.1 Share of Migrants in Labor Force, by Region, 1990 and
2000 113
3.2 Migration Rate among Tertiary-Educated Workers,
1990 and 2000 114
3.3 Share of Tertiary-Educated Migrants among All Migrants,114
3.4 Share of Tertiary-Educated Workers in the Labor Force,
2000 115
3.5 Tertiary-Educated Migration Rates in Selected African
Countries 117
3.6 Migration Rates in Africa, by Country Size, 1990 and 2000 118
3.7 Migration of Tertiary-Educated Workers in Africa,
by Country Income Level, 2000 119
3.8 Distribution of Total Migrants and Skilled Migrants from
Africa by Destination, 1990 and 2000 121
3.9 Distribution of Migrants and Skilled Migrants from
Selected Anglophone Countries in Africa, 2000 122
3.10
Selected Francophone Countries in Africa, 2000 123
3.11 Probability That an African-Born Migrant Holding a
Bachelor’s or Professional Degree Obtains a Skilled
Job in the United States 125