Life Chances in Turkey

Jesko Hentschel

Description

Children in Turkey have vastly different odds of success. Their paths are affected by factors over which they have no control, such as how wealthy or educated their parents-and even grandparents-are. By investing in its children and youth, Turkey can create a virtuous cycle whereby these children and youth contribute more to their country's economic growth and social development, helping to realize its ambitious goals.

Sujets

• Éducation
• Social change

Informations

• Publié par: world-bank-publications
• Publié le: 16 juin 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 14
• EAN13: 9780821384015
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

DIRECTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT
Human Development
Life Chances in Turkey
Expanding Opportunities for
the Next Generation
Jesko Hentschel, Meltem Aran, Raif Can,
Francisco H. G. Ferreira, Jérémie Gignoux, and Arzu UrazLife Chances in TurkeyLife Chances in Turkey
Expanding Opportunities for the
Next Generation
Jesko Hentschel
Meltem Aran
Raif Can
Francisco H. G. Ferreira
Jérémie Gignoux
Arzu Uraz© 2010 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank
1818 H Street NW
Washington DC 20433
Telephone: [phone]
Internet: www.worldbank.org
E-mail: [e-mail]
All rights reserved
1 2 3 4 13 12 11 10
This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development / The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this
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fax: [phone]; e-mail: [e-mail].
ISBN: 978-0-8213-8400-8
eISBN: 978-0-8213-8401-5
DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8400-8
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Life chances in Turkey : expanding opportunities for the next generation / Jesko Hentschel ...
[et al.].
p. cm. — (Directions in development)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8213-8400-8 (alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-8213-8401-5
1. Social indicators—Turkey. 2. Children—Turkey—Social conditions—21st century.
3. Turkey—Social conditions—21st century. 4. Turkey—Economic conditions—21st century.
I. Hentschel, Jesko, 1962- II. World Bank.
HN656.5.A85L54 2010
305.2309561'090511—dc22
2010015477
Cover photograph: Lisa Valder Photography, ©iStockphoto.com / LisaValder
Cover design: Naylor DesignContents
Foreword ix
Acknowledgments xi
Abbreviations xiii
Overview 1
The State of Equality of Opportunities in Turkey 2
From Grandparents to Grandchildren 3
Child Development and Child Risks 5
Expanding Opportunities for the Next Generation 7
Reflections 10
Notes 11
References 11
Chapter 1 Introduction 13
Note 15
Chapter 2 Equity Aspirations 17
Notes 21
References 21
vvi Contents
Chapter 3 The State of Equality of Opportunity in Turkey 23
Inequality of Economic Opportunity 24
Inequality of Opportunity for Educational
Achievement 30
Grandparents and Grandchildren 31
Notes 36
References 37
Chapter 4 Child Development and Child Risks 39
Child Poverty 39overty and Opportunity Groups 41
International Comparisons 46
Notes 48
References 48
Chapter 5 Expanding Opportunities for the Next Generation:
Early Childhood Development Policies 51
ECD: Why and How? 52
ECD Policies and Programs in Turkey 54
Private and Community Provision 55
Governance and Coordination 57
Coverage and Reach among
Disadvantaged Children 57
Public Funding 60
Early Childhood Development Benefits 63
Notes 67
References 69
Chapter 6 Reflections 71
Note 73
Reference 73
Technical Appendix 75
References 86
Index 87
Boxes
5.1 International Benchmarking League Table for Early
Childhood Development 53
5.2 Community-Based ECD Provision in Turkey 56Contents vii
5.3 Female Labor Force Participation and Affordable
Child-Care Options in Turkey 65
Figures
O.1 Relative Risk of Child Poverty and Stunting, by
Intergenerational Opportunity Group, 2004 4
O.2 Per Capita Social Expenditures by Age Group
in Turkey, 2008 8
O.3 Aggregate Income and Poverty Reduction Effects
of Increased Female Labor Force Participation 9
2.1 Under-5 Mortality Rate, 1960–2006 18
2.2 Should the Gap between the Rich and the Poor
in Turkey Be Reduced? 19
2.3 Why Are Some People in Need in Turkey Today? 19
2.4 Labor Force Participation Rates, by Gender,
Latest Available Year 20
3.1 Wealth Distribution and Circumstances, 2004 26
3.2 Sources of Inequalities of Wealth Opportunity
in Turkey, 2004 28
3.3 Opportunity Profile for Least and Most Advantaged
Population Groups, 2004 30
3.4 Height-for-Age Measures for LINOG and HINOG, 2004 35
3.5 Relative Risk of Child Poverty and Stunting, by
Intergenerational Opportunity Group, 2004 35
4.1 Relative Risk of Poverty, by Age Group, 2003
and 2006 40
4.2 Distribution of Estimated Numbers of Additional Poor,
by Age Group, 2009–10 41
4.3 Child Development Measurement Framework 42
4.4 Cognitive Development Inputs at Household Level for
Children Ages 36 to 47 Months 44
4.5 Cognitive Development Scores of Children
Ages 36 to 47 Months 45
4.6 Enrollment Age Profiles by Opportunity Group and
Gender, 2004 46
4.7 International Comparisons of Key Indicators 47
5.1 Coverage of Various ECD Programs in Turkey by
Age Category, Latest Available Year 58
5.2 Preprimary Gross Enrollment for Children
Ages 36 to 72 Months, Latest Available Year 59viii Contents
5.3 Preschool and Daycare Access, by Socioeconomic
Status and Rural-Urban Location, 2008 59
5.4 Preschool Enrollment (2008–09) and Human
Development Index (2004), by Province 60
5.5 Distribution of Social Expenditures in Turkey
by Age Group, 2008 61
5.6 Per Capita Social Expenditures by Age Group in Turkey
(Central Government, Excluding Social Security
Contributions), 2008 62
5.7 Aggregate Effects on Income and Poverty Reduction
from Increased Female Labor Force Participation 66
Tables
3.1 Intergenerational Opportunity Groups of Children 32
3.2 Residence of Children, by Intergenerational
Opportunity, 2004 33
3.3 Educational Attainment of Grandparents and Parents
by Intergenerational Opportunity Group, 2004 34
4.1 Child Development Access and Outcome Indicators
by Opportunity Status, 2004 43