A climatology of South Ecuador [Elektronische Ressource] : with special focus on the major Andean ridge as Atlantic-Pacific climate divide / vorgelegt von Paul Emck

Informations

• Publié par: friedrich-alexander-universitat_erlangen-nurnberg
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2007
• Nombre de lectures: 36
• Langue: Deutsch
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 19 Mo

Extrait

A Climatology of South Ecuador
With special focus on the Major Andean Ridge
as Atlantic-Pacific Climate Divide
Den Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultäten
der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
zur
Erlangung des Doktorgrades
Vorgelegt von
Paul Emck
aus
Schouwen-Duiveland,
NiederlandeAls Dissertation genehmigt von den Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultäten der Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg
Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 14. Juni 2007
Vorsitzender der
Promotionskommission: Prof. Dr. E. Bänsch
Erstberichterstatter: Prof. Dr. M. Richter
Zweitberichterstatter: Prof. Dr. R. G. BarryContents
List of figures .................................................................................................................7
List of tables 11
Symbols, abbreviations and units ............................................................................. 12
1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 13
1.1 Preface .................................................................................................................... 13
1.2 Objectives 14
2 The research areas................................................................................................... 16
2.1 San Francisco Area ................................................................................................. 22
3 The ENSO warm event 97/98 and cold event 99/00 ............................................... 24
4 Data acquisition ........................................................................................................ 27
4.1 DFG weather stations............................................................................................... 27
4.1.1 Technical specifications..................................................................................... 29
4.1.2 Soil temperatures .............................................................................................. 31
4.2 Mechanical weather station ...................................................................................... 31
4.3 Non-automatic devices ............................................................................................. 32
4.3.1 Precipitation totalizers ....................................................................................... 32
4.3.2 Versatile totalizers 34
4.4 Soil temperature sampling........................................................................................ 35
4.5 INAMHI weather stations........................................................................................... 36
4.6 Altitudes used in this study 37
5 Synoptics .................................................................................................................. 39
5.1 Pressure 39
5.2 Synoptic winds ......................................................................................................... 41
5.2.1 Easterly trades ................................................................................................. 41
5.2.2 Westerlies 46
5.2.3 Northerlies and the East Ecuadorian Low Level Jet ........................................... 48
5.3 Climate classification numbers ................................................................................. 52
6 Solar radiation .......................................................................................................... 56
6.1 Global radiation ........................................................................................................ 56
6.2 Solar seasons 56
6.3 Measured solar radiation.......................................................................................... 58
6.3.1 Measured global radiation 61
6.3.1.1 Seasonal global radiation .......................................................................... 61
6.3.1.2 Daily global radiation ................................................................................. 63
6.3.2 Direct and diffuse solar radiation ....................................................................... 66
6.3.3 Sunshine duration ............................................................................................. 72
6.4 Extreme global irradiance......................................................................................... 75
6.4.1 Evaluation ......................................................................................................... 75
6.4.2 Frequency of extreme irradiance 85
6.4.3 Technical audit .................................................................................................. 877 Wind........................................................................................................................... 89
7.1 Mountain-valley wind systems ................................................................................... 89
7.2 The middle layer in the Cordillera Real ..................................................................... 90
7.3 Easterly trades ......................................................................................................... 90
7.3.1 Foehn wind ....................................................................................................... 91
7.4 Measured wind 92
7.4.1 Seasonal wind .................................................................................................. 93
7.4.1.1 Seasonal wind at the lower mountain levels ................................................ 93
7.4.1.2 Seasonal wind at the upper mountain levels ............................................... 98
7.4.1.3 Trade storms at the upper mountain levels 100
7.4.2 Daily wind 102
7.4.2.1 Daily wind at the lower mountain levels ..................................................... 102
8 Temperature ............................................................................................................ 108
8.1 Seasonal temperatures .......................................................................................... 109
8.2 Daily temperatures ................................................................................................. 111
8.3 Temperature gradients ........................................................................................... 114
8.3.1 Local foehn effects 118
8.3.2 The gradient of temperature ranges ................................................................. 119
8.4 Friajes and cold trades 121
9 Humidity .................................................................................................................. 129
9.1 Seasonal atmospheric moisture ............................................................................. 129
9.2 Daily atmospheric moisture .................................................................................... 133
9.3 Humidity gradients ................................................................................................. 137
10 Precipitation .......................................................................................................... 140
10.1 Precipitation correction for wind ........................................................................... 142
10.1.1 Data.............................................................................................................. 146
10.1.2 Drifted precipitation....................................................................................... 147
10.1.3 Evaluation of the correction factor (projection coefficient)............................... 149
10.1.4 Discussion of the projection coefficient.......................................................... 151
10.1.5 Results and interpretations ............................................................................ 153
10.2 Measured precipitation......................................................................................... 154
10.2.1 Seasonal rainfall ........................................................................................... 155
10.2.1.1 Rainfall east of the climate divide ........................................................... 155
10.2.1.2 Rainfall west of the 159
10.2.2 The main precipitation gradients ................................................................... 162
10.2.2.1 The eastern precipitation gradient .......................................................... 162
10.2.2.2 The western precipitation ......................................................... 165
10.2.2.3 Graphic comparison of the precipitation gradients in the Cd. Real with
precipitation gradients in other tropical mountains ........................................... 166
10.2.3 Rainfall variability .......................................................................................... 167
10.2.4 Origin of rainfall ............................................................................................. 167
10.2.5 Diurnal rainfall ............................................................................................... 169
10.2.6 Rainfall frequency 171
10.2.7 Rainfall intensity ............................................................................................ 173
10.3 Fog and fog precipitation ..................................................................................... 178
10.4 Precipitation at upper mountain levels and difference of LCL east...............................
and west of the Cordillera Real.......................................