Adaptation of a W-Band EPR spectrometer to UHV conditions [Elektronische Ressource] / vorgelegt von Esther Kieseritzky geb. Fischbach

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• Publié par: freie_universitat_berlin
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 30
• Langue: Deutsch
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 2 Mo

Extrait

Adaptation of a W-Band EPR Spectrometer to
UHV Conditions
Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades des
Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.)
eingereicht im Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie
der Freien Universit¨at Berlin
vorgelegt von
Esther Kieseritzky geb. Fischbach
aus Berlin
2010Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde im Zeitraum Juli 2005 bis August 2010 am
Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Abteilung Chemische Physik,
unter der Leitung von Prof. Dr. H.-J. Freund angefertigt.
1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. H.-J. Freund
2.hter: Prof. Dr. K. Christmann
Disputation am: 13.10.2010Acknowledgements/Danksagung
Der Aufbau und die Inbetriebnahme der Apparatur waren und sind ein großes
Projekt, dass ohne die Hilfe zahlreicher Personen nicht zustande gekommen w¨are.
Bei all diesen mochte ich mich herzlich bedanken. Mein besonderer Danke gilt:¨
• Herrn Prof. Hans-Joachim Freund dafur,¨ mir dieses Hochrisikoprojekt der
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft anzuvertrauen,
¨
• Herrn Prof. Klaus Christmann fur¨ die Ubernahme des Zweitgutachtens,
• Dr. Thomas Risse fur die ungezahlten Stunden, die wir gemeinsam an die-¨ ¨
semProjektverbrachthabensowohlvollerEnthusiasmusalsauchamBoden
zerstort, fur das (Mit-)Teilen seines Wissensuber surface science, Korrektur¨ ¨ ¨
der Doktorarbeit, Fahrradrepatur am Freitag Abend, ...
• Werner Hansel-ZieglerfurdietechnischeUnterstutzunginsbesonderemauch¨ ¨ ¨
die technischen Zeichnungen in dieser Arbeit
• Dr. Alex Bondarchuk for sharing the machine with me and teaching me
a lot about UHV business, special thanks for your unique menus in the
afternoon,
¨
• Jan Rocker und Anja Seiler fur¨ die Ubernahme und Fortfuhrung¨ des Pro-
jekts, Jan außerdem fur die zahlreichen Belehrungen zu Musik und Kino,¨
• all current and former members of the EPR group for the support we gave
one another,
• der Elektronikwerkstatt, der Feinwerktechnik, der Schlosserei und Klaus-
Peter Vogelgesang fur die Anfertigung hunderter Kleinteile und großerer¨ ¨
Ger¨atschaften,
• the members of the CP department for answering 1001 questions about
science as well as engineering and lending equipment when necessary and
possible,
• Dr. Aditya Ashi Savara, Dr. John Uhlrich, Rhys Dowler, and Dr. Nicola
Scott for comments regarding the use of the English language in the written
thesis,
i• the people of the EPR community (especially Prof. Dr. Dinse, Prof. Dr.
Bittl and his group, Dr. Alexander Schnegg, Dr. Paul Cruickshanks) for
helpful comments on the realization of the EPR UHV setup,
• derStudienstiftungdesdeutschenVolkesfurdiefinanzielleundidelleForderung,¨ ¨
im Besonderen meinem Vertrauensdozenten Prof. Onno Oncken fur¨ hoc¨ hste
interessante Gesprachsrunden und Ausfluge,¨ ¨
• meinem Eltern, die mich auf diesen Weg gefuhrt¨ haben, auch wenn mein
Vater diese Zwischenstation meines Lebensweges nicht mehr erleben kann,
• Gernot fur¨ das gegenseitige bei der Stange halten w¨ahrend der Promotion,
• Ann-Sophie, die mich auch nach einem frustrierenden Arbeitstag zum La-
chen bringen konnte (so sie noch wach war).Contents
1 Introduction 1
2 Experimental Techniques 5
2.1 ElectronParamagneticResonance.................. 5
2.1.1 TheFreElectron....................... 5
2.1.2 TheElectroninanAtomicFramework........... 6
2.1.3 TheResonanceCondition.................. 1
2.1.4 Magnetic Susceptibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1.5 RelaxationandLineshape. 15
2.1.6 IntermolecularInteractions.................. 16
2.1.7 WhyHighFieldEPR..................... 20
2.1.8 The W-band Spectrometer and the Measurement Protocol 24
2.2 InfraredReflectionAbsorptionSpectroscopy............ 27
2.2.1 Theory............................. 27
2.2.2 IRonMetalSurfaces 28
2.2.3 IR Frequencies and Intensities of Adsorbed Molecules . . . 29
2.2.4 FTIRspectroscopy. 30
2.3 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3 Experimental Setup 35
3.1 Resonator for W-band EPR spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.2 DesignConsiderations........................ 37
3.3 GeneralSetup 39
3.3.1 PumpingSystem 42
3.3.2 TransferChamber 43
3.3.3 PreparationChamber..................... 46
3.3.4 HighPresureCel...................... 50
3.4 SampleSetup............................. 52
3.4.1 Sample Mounting in the Preparation Chamber . . . . . . . 54
4 Resonator Setup 57
4.1 Fabry-PerotResonators........................ 57
4.2 IntegrationoftheFabry-PerotResonator.............. 63
4.2.1 EvacuationoftheResonator................. 69
iiiiv
4.2.2 MicrowaveCoupling..................... 71
4.2.3 Main Magnetic Field Perpendicular to the Sample . . . . . 75
4.2.4 Stabilization During Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
4.3 Influence of the Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.3.1 DPPH............................. 78
4.3.2 PositionoftheWindow ................... 79
4.3.3 MirorSize.......................... 84
5 Experimental Results 89
5.1 MgO(100) on Mo(100) and Ag(100) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
5.1.1 MgOFilmPreparation.................... 91
5.1.2 MgOFilmThicknes..................... 91
5.2 AtomicResolutioninSTM...................... 96
5.2.1 MgO/AginSTM....................... 99
5.3 N O Adsorbed on MgO(100)/Ag(100)
2
ProbedbyIR.............................10
5.4 EPRmeasurementsinUHV.....................107
6 Summary 115
Bibliography 117
Abbreviations 129
Abstract 131
Zusammenfassung 133
Publications 135Chapter 1
Introduction
In the last few decades the interest in a detailed description of microscopic pro-
cesses on metal oxide surfaces has increased continuously [69]. This is motivated
by the broad areas of application for these materials. Representative sensor tech-
nology, superconductivity, and catalysis shall be mentioned here. In the field of
heterogeneous catalysis, metal oxides are either used as the support for a catalyt-
ically active species – oftentimes a metallic species –, or they serve as catalysts
themselves. An understanding of the catalytic activity requires a microscopic
understanding of the various sites, with respect to their geometric and electronic
structure as well as their catalytic properties. In the case of complex powder
catalysts, this ambitious goal is often beyond todays experimental capabilities.
Thus, the quest for solutions to this problem is still actively pursued in various
directions.
Reducing the inherent complexity of the catalysts is an obvious possibility
which has been one of the main driving forces to develop modern surface science.
Metal single crystals with well-defined geometric and electronic properties have
been investigated under ultra high vacuum (UHV) conditions, and have been
employed in experiments to elucidate reaction mechanisms of heterogeneously
catalyzed reactions. The success of this approach was recently recognized by
the 2007 Nobel Price in chemistry awarded to Gerhard Ertl [46]. Within this
approach, the support, which is often an oxide, is simply ignored. This short-
coming was addressed in the last two decades by developing heterogeneous model
catalysts using single crystalline oxide surfaces as supports. The implementa-
tion of this strategy was hampered by the fact that most of the oxides used as
supports are insulators, which renders them unsuitable towards characterization
by methods which involve charged particles such as electrons as probes. Thin,
single-crystalline oxide films grown on metal single crystal surfaces were shown
to be a valuable solution, because they retain much of the complexity of real cat-
alysts while being suitable towards characterization using modern surface science
techniques [36,53,127].
The development of proper model systems is an important ingredient to ad-
vance our understanding of catalytic systems. However, the availability of appro-
12 Chapter 1. Introduction
priate experimental techniques to address the various questions at hand is of at
least equal importance. In fact, major advancements of our understanding are
associated with the development of experimental techniques. Scanning tunneling
microscopy (STM) is perhaps one of the best examples where a single technique
has advanced our perception of surfaces tremendously [21,105]. In comparison to
metals, oxides have considerably different electronic properties which also require
different methodologies to probe them. Defects, and in particular point defects,
may serve as an instructive example. The latter are thought to play an important
role for the properties of oxide surfaces, however, an atomistic characterization
of point defects is still challenging. This is the typical scenario where method
development sets in. With respect to point defects in oxides, electron paramag-
netic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was used for decades to characterize these
species in the bulk, due to the paramagnetic nature of some of these sites. The
application of EPR spectroscopy to single crystal surfaces is more demanding,
but was shown possible using an X-Band (9.5 GHz) spectrometer [117]. These
experiments allow characterization of pa