Advection at a forest site [Elektronische Ressource] : an updated approach / presented by Lukas Siebicke

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• Publié par: universitat_bayreuth
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 18
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 51 Mo

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Advection at a forest site
{ an updated approach
A dissertation submitted to the
Faculty of Biology, Chemistry and Geosciences
at the University of Bayreuth, Germany
to attain the academic degree of
DR. RER. NAT.
presented by
Lukas Siebicke
Diplom Geo okologe
born 28 October, 1979
in Lub eck, Germany
Bayreuth, September 2010i
Advection at a forest site
{ an updated approach
Supervisor Prof. Dr. Thomas Fokenii
Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde in der Zeit von M arz 2007 bis September 2010
an der Universit at Bayreuth, in der Abteilung Mikrometeorologie, unter Be-
treuung von Prof. Dr. Thomas Foken angefertigt.
Vollst andiger Abdruck der von der Fakult at fur Biologie, Chemie und Geo-
wissenschaften der Universit at Bayreuth genehmigten Dissertation zur Er-
langung des akademischen Grades eines Doktor der Naturwissenschaften (Dr.
rer. nat.).
Promotionsgesuch eingereicht am: 28. September 2010
Wissenschaftliches Kolloquium am: 19. Januar 2011
Prufungsaussc huss:
Prof. Dr. Th. Foken (Erstgutachter)
Prof. Dr. A. Held (Zweitgutachter)
Prof. Dr. Th. Nau (Vorsitzender)
Prof. Dr. B. Huwe
Prof. Dr. J. Tenhuhnen
Dekan: Prof. Dr. Stephan ClemensCONTENTS iii
Contents
List of Manuscripts iv
Acknowledgements vi
Summary vii
Zusammenfassung viii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Scope of the research topic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Objectives of the thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2 Experiments 11
2.1 Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2 Footprint analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.3 The EGER experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.4 Design of a multi-analyzer system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.4.1 The sampling system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.4.2 Post-processing of multi-analyzer data . . . . . . . . . 20
2.5 Vertical wind velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3 Results 24
4 Conclusions 31
References 35
List of Appendices 48
A Individual contributions to the joint publications 49
B CO -gradient measurements using a parallel multi-analyzer2
setup 52
C Linking CO -advection estimates to vegetation structure at2
a forest site 68
D Some aspects of CO -advection measurements in discussion 922
Erklarung 113iv
List of Manuscripts
The dissertation is presented in cumulative form. It consists of three in-
dividual manuscripts. One manuscript has been published by the peer-
reviewed journal Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions. A sec-
ond manuscript is going to be re-submitted in a revised version to the peer-
reviewed journal Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. The third manuscript
has been submitted for publication to the peer-reviewed journal Theoretical
and Applied Climatology.
Manuscript published
Siebicke, L., Steinfeld, G., Foken, T., 2010. CO -gradient measurements us-2
ing a parallel multi-analyzer setup. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques
Discussions 3, 4383{4421.
Manuscript to be re-submitted in revised version
Siebicke, L., Sera movich, A., Foken, T., 2011. Linking CO -advection esti-2
mates to vegetation structure at a forest site. Agric. For. Meteorol. (to be
re-submitted in revised version).
Manuscript submitted
Siebicke, L., Hunner, M., Foken, T., 2010. Some aspects of CO -advection2
measurements in discussion. Theoretical and Applied Climatology (sub-
mitted).
Peer-reviewed publications not included in this thesis
G ockede, M., Foken, T., Aubinet, M., Aurela, M., Banza, J., Bernhofer, C.,
Carrara, J.-M. B. Y. B. A., Clement, R., Dellwik, E., Elbers, J., Eug-
ster, W., Fuhrer, J., Granier, A., Grun wald, T., Heinesch, B., Janssens,v
I., Knohl, A., Koeble, R., Laurila, T., Longdoz, B., Manca, G., Marekand,
M., Markkanen, T., Mateus, J., Matteucci, G., Mauder, M., Migliavacca,
M., Minerbi, S., Moncrie , J., Montagnani, L., Moors, E., Ourcival, J.-
M., Papale, D., Pereira, J., Pilegaard, K., Pita, G., Rambal, S., Reb-
mann, C., Rodrigues, A., Rotenberg, E., Sanz, M., Sedlak, P., Seufert, G.,
Siebicke, L., Soussana, J., Valentini, R., Vesala, T., Verbeeck, H., Yakir,
D., 2008. Quality control of CarboEurope ux data { Part 1: Coupling
footprint analyses with ux data quality assessment to evaluate sites in
forest ecosystems. Biogeosciences 5, 433{450, "CarboEurope-IP Best Pa-
per Award 2008".
Hussain, M., Otieno, D., Mirzaee, H., Li, Y.-L., Schmidt, M. W., Siebicke, L.,
Foken, T., Ribeiro, N., Pereira, J., Tenhunen, J., 2009. CO exchange and2
biomass development of the herbaceous vegetation in the Portuguese mon-
tado ecosystem during spring. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
132, 143{152.
Li, Y.-L., Tenhunen, J., Mirzaei, H., Hussain, M., Siebicke, L., Foken, T.,
Otieno, D., Schmidt, M., Ribeiro, N., Aires, L., Pio, C., Banza, J., Pereira,
J., 2008. Assessment and up-scaling of CO exchange by patches of the2
herbaceous vegetation mosaic in a Portuguese cork oak woodland. Agric.
For. Meteorol. 148, 1318{1331.
Staudt, K., Sera movich, A., Siebicke, L., Pyles, R. D., Falge, E., 2010.
Vertical structure of evapotranspiration at a forest site (a case study).
Agric. For. Meteorol. doi: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.10.009.vi
Acknowledgements
I wish to acknowledge the help of all people contributing to this thesis.
Among those are my colleagues at the Department of Micrometeorology,
particularly Andrei Sera movich, with whom I shared important parts of
experimental work and who was also helpful during the analysis, Katharina
Staudt for several discussion during the analysis and Martina Hunner, who
has jointly tackled the advection topic during her Diploma thesis and thus
provided valuable input both to experimental work and to data analysis. I
would further like to acknowledge the LES related work of my coauthor Ger-
ald Steinfeld. I also thank the people from the group of the Max Planck
Institute for Chemistry in Mainz for the joint experiment EGER, further
the technicians from the Department of Micrometeorology and the Bayreuth
Centre for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER) as well as sev-
eral students for their support during eld work. Last but not least I thank
my Supervisor Prof. Thomas Foken for providing guidance through this the-
sis from the perspective of his long-term experience on micrometeorological
ux measurements. The work was funded by the German Science Foundation
(FO 226/16-1, ME2100/4-1, ZE 792/4-1).vii
Summary
The exchange of carbon dioxide (CO ) across the vegetation-atmosphere in-2
terface of a spruce forest was investigated. Horizontal and vertical advection
are recognized as important terms of the Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE)
budget in addition to the commonly measured turbulent ux and storage ux.
Direct advection measurements are challenging because of the instrumental
accuracy required to observe small concentration gradients and small wind ve-
locities and because of the spatio-temporal measurement resolution required
to observe complex 3-D ow phenomena. This work presents an experimen-
tal multi-analyzer setup for the observation of horizontal CO concentration2
gradients with high temporal resolution and good spatial resolution with no
tradeo between the two. A statistical approach was developed to correct for
inter-instrument bias by applying a conditional time dependent bias correc-
tion. This approach relies on properties of probability density distributions
of concentration di erences between one sample point and the spatial av-
erage of the sample point eld. Sub-canopy CO concentration gradients2
observed with the above presented system showed a high spatial variability
which was dependent on vegetation structure. Local concentration pertur-
bations correlated with statistical properties of coherent structures and were
explained by vertical exchange between CO enriched sub-canopy air and2
low concentration above-canopy air. The small-scale variability of CO con-2
centration gradients brings into question the representativity of horizontal
advection measurements for the control volume if observed with a low spa-
tial resolution. Vertical advection estimates rely on accurate measurements
of vertical wind velocity (w). Di erent procedures were applied during co-
ordinate rotation to align the coordinate system of the sonic anemometer
with the long-term stream lines. Spatial variability of the wind eld was
addressed by a sector-wise coordinate rotation. An investigation of temporal
aspects of vertical wind velocity showed signi cant contributions from low
frequencies in the spectrum ofw. The impact of the data set length used for
coordinate rotation onw and on vertical advection was investigated and ob-
served to be large. A sequential coordinate rotation with controlled window
length was proposed. Advection contributed signi cantly to NEE during the
night and during transition periods at the Waldstein-Weidenbrunnen (DE-
Bay) FLUXNET site. Daily NEE budgets were more realistic, compared
to NEE from turbulent ux and storage change alone, if direct advection
measurements from continuous and bias corrected gradient sampling were
included, reducing the estimated daily carbon sequestration of the forest by
almost 50 %.v