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Publié par | Thesee |
Nombre de lectures | 57 |
Langue | English |
Poids de l'ouvrage | 2 Mo |
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AVERTISSEMENT
Ce document est le fruit d’un long travail approuvé par le jury de
soutenance et mis à disposition de l’ensemble de la communauté
universitaire élargie.
Il est soumis à la propriété intellectuelle de l’auteur au même titre que sa
version papier. Ceci implique une obligation de citation et de
référencement lors de l’utilisation de ce document.
D’autre part, toute contrefaçon, plagiat, reproduction illicite entraîne une
poursuite pénale.
Contact SCD INPL: mailto:scdinpl@inpl-nancy.fr
LIENS
Code de la propriété intellectuelle. Articles L 122.4 e la propriété intellectuelle. Articles L 335.2 – L 335.10
http://www.cfcopies.com/V2/leg/leg_droi.php
http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/infos-pratiques/droits/protection.htm
Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine
Ecole Doctorale Informatique – Automatique – Electronique - Mathématiques
Département de formation doctorale Electrotechnique – Electronique
Laboratoire Environnement et Minéralurgie
et
Università degli Studi di Milano
Fisica Applicata
Fisica, Astrofisica e Fisica Applicata
THÈSE
Présentée en vue de l’obtention du grade de
Docteur de l’Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine
et de
Dottore di Ricerca dell’Università degli Studi di Milano
Préparée au CERN/TE/MSC
Par
Franck BORGNOLUTTI
Ingénieur ENSEM
Aimants Quadripolaires Supraconducteurs pour
l’Augmentation de la Luminosité du Grand Collisionneur
de Hadrons
Thèse soutenue publiquement le 5 novembre 2009
Directeurs de Thèse :
Professeur Alain MAILFERT, INPL (Nancy)
Professeur Lucio ROSSI, CERN (Genève)
Encadrement :
Docteur Ezio Todesco, CERN (Genève)
Jury :
Professeur Alain MAILFERT, INPL (Nancy)
Professeur Lucio ROSSI, CERN (Genève)
Professeur Giovanni BELLOMO, Laboratoire LASA (Segrate)
Docteur Arnaud DEVRED, ITER Organisation (Cadarache)
Docteur Jean-Luc DUCHATEAU, CEA (Cadarache)
Professeur Denis NETTER, INPL (Nancy) 2
Acknowledgments
I first want to warmly acknowledge Dr. Ezio Todesco. He has been my supervisor
during these three years. I thank him for encouraging me to be thorough while allowing
me an independent style of working. His availability to answer my questions and his deep
knowledge of magnet technology and accelerator physics made my efforts much easier. I
really appreciated his friendship and I hope I will have the opportunity to work with him
again.
I would like to thank Prof. Alain Mailfert for inspiring me to become a physicist. His
courses in electromagnetism and superconductivity given at ENSEM raised my
enthusiasm for superconducting magnets. Despite the distance and his very time-
demanding occupations he manifested a lot of interest in my work and never stopped
proposing innovative ideas.
I would also like to express my gratitude to Prof. Lucio Rossi who offered me the
opportunity to do my Ph. D. thesis at CERN and who accepted to be my thesis co-
director. He and Prof. Alain Mailfert made it possible for me to graduate from the
“Università degli study di Milano” and the “Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine”.
Thank to Paolo Fessia for his valuable help on the design of the new inner triplet
quadrupole. It has been a pleasure and a rewarding experience to work with him.
Thanks also to all my colleagues from the TE-MSC group, particularly to those of the
MDA section. The good atmosphere and the enthusiasm of all these persons made my
stay at CERN an enjoyable moment.
I would also like to thank Glyn Kirby for his precious help on technical issues,
Bernhard Auchmann for the Roxie Support, and Stephan Russenschuck for his help on
magnet design.
I have to thank Giovanni Bellomo, Jean-Luc Duchateau and Denis Netter for
accepting to be members of the jury. A special thank to Arnaud Devred for his presence
in the jury and for his relevant and very helpful advises on my thesis report.
I also want to thank Jens, who helps me improving my spoken English, and Tiina for
her good mood. Thank also to Sebastien and all other persons I forgot mentioning.
Je voudrais également remercier Thierry, pour être la quand il le faut.
Je remercie profondément mes parents, ainsi que tous mes frères et sœur. Je leur dédie
cette thèse.
Enfin, je remercie Nicole pour sa présence de chaque instant.
3
4
Contents
RESUME EN FRANÇAIS ................................................................................ 8
I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 17
II. SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETS FOR PARTICLES
ACCELERATOR ............................................................................................. 20
II.1 Particle accelerator ....................................................................................... 20
II.1.1 Particle accelerator for high energy physics ................................................... 20
II.1.2 Layout of the Large Hadron Colider (LHC) 21
II.1.3 Relevant quantity for accelerator magnets ...................................................... 23
II.2 Field computation in particles accelerators magnets ................................ 24
II.2.1 Basic equations ............................................................................................... 24
II.2.2 Solution of the Laplace’s equation ................................................................. 26
II.2.3 High energy accelerator magnets .................................................................... 28
II.2.4 Magnetic field in an infinitely long accelerator magnet ................................. 29
II.2.5 Field harmonics definition .............................................................................. 31
II.2.6 Impact of field errors on accelerator performance .......................................... 33
II.3 Electromagnetic design of quadrupole magnets in 2D .............................. 34
II.3.1 Winding configuration .................................................................................... 34
II.3.2 Field calculation of quadrupole based on cos2 θ design by means of Fourier
series 36
II.3.3 Iron yoke ......................................................................................................... 40
II.4 Superconducting materials .......................................................................... 42
II.4.1 Superconductivity ........................................................................................... 42
II.4.2 Nb-Ti and Nb Sn............................................................................................. 43 3
II.4.3 Superconducting cables .................................................................................. 45
II.5 Current and temperature margin ............................................................... 46
II.6 Mechanical structure of Nb-Ti quadrupole magnets ................................ 49
II.7 Upgrade of the LHC Interaction regions .................................................... 50
II.8 Issues of the thesis ......................................................................................... 52
III. ANALYTIC ESTIMATES OF THE MAGNETIC ENERGY IN
SUPERCONDUCTING QUADRUPOLES ................................................... 54
III.1 Magnetic energy definition ........................................................................... 54
III.2 Ironless and non graded quadrupole .......................................................... 55
III.3 Comparison of analytical versus numerical estimate for realistic lay-outs .
......................................................................................................................... 58
III.4 Magnetic energy at critical current density ................................................ 60
III.5 Graded coils ................................................................................................... 61
III.6 Iron yoke contribution .................................................................................. 63
III.7 Longitudinal magnetic force ........................................................................ 66
III.8 Summary ...................................................................