Application of modern on-line and off-line analytical methods for tobacco and cigarette mainstream and sidestream smoke characterisation [Elektronische Ressource] / Stefan Manfred Mitschke

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• Gesundheit

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• Publié par: technische_universitat_munchen
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2007
• Nombre de lectures: 20
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 8 Mo

Extrait

Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan
fur¨ Ern¨ahrung, Landnutzung und Umwelt
¨Lehrstuhl fur¨ Okologische Chemie und Umweltanalytik
der Technischen Universit¨at Munc¨ hen
Application of Modern On-line and Off-line Analytical Methods for Tobacco and
Cigarette Mainstream and Sidestream Smoke Characterisation
Stefan Manfred Mitschke
Vollst¨andiger Abdruck der von der Fakult¨at Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan
fur¨ Ern¨ahrung,LandnutzungundUmweltderTechnischenUniversit¨atMunc¨ henzur
Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines
Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.)
genehmigten Dissertation.
Vorsitzender: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Ing. Roland Meyer-Pittroff
Prufer¨ der Dissertation:
1. Univ.-Prof. Dr. rer. nat., Dr. h.c. (RO) Antonius Ket-
trup, em.
2. Univ.-Prof. Dr. rer. nat., Dr. agr. habil., Dr. h.c.
(Zonguldak University/Turk¨ ei) Harun Parlar
3. Univ.-Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Ralf Zimmermann (Univer-
sit¨at Augsburg)
Die Dissertation wurde am 11.01.2007 bei der Technischen Universit¨at Munc¨ hen
eingereichtunddurchdieFakult¨atWissenschaftszentrumWeihenstephanfur¨ Ern¨ah-
rung, Landnutzung und Umwelt am 13.03.2007 angenommen.I’ll always remember
The chill of November
The news of the fall
The sounds in the hall
The clock on the wall
Ticking away
“Seize the day”
I heard him say
Life will not always be this way
Look around
Hear the sounds
Cherish your life
While you’re still around
Mike PortnoyContents
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Historical aspects of tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Origins of tobacco and tobacco consumption . . . . . . . . . . 1
th1.1.2 Tobacco in health research prior to the 20 century . . . . . . 2
1.2 Chemical composition of tobacco leaf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Composition of cigarette smoke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3.1 Mainstream smoke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3.2 Sidestream smoke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3.3 Environmental tobacco smoke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.4 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2 Methods and Instrumentation 11
2.1 Principles of photo ionisation processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1.1 Single photon ionisation (SPI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1.2 Resonant multi photon ionisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2 Time-of-flight mass spectrometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.3 General instrumental setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.4 Smoking device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.5 Cigarette and tobacco samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.6 Data evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.6.1 Fragmentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.6.2 Mass assignment in tobacco samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.7 Quantification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.8 Statistical methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.8.1 Fisher values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.8.2 Principal component analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3 Thermal Desorption of Tobacco 43
3.1 Basics of thermal analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.2 Experimental setup of the thermodesorption/pyrolysis experiments . 44
3.3 Results of the thermodesorption/pyrolysis experiments . . . . . . . . 44
3.4 Conclusion of the thermodesorption/pyrolysis experiments . . . . . . 64
IContents
4 Mainstream Smoke Analysis 67
4.1 Machine smoking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.1.1 Development of standardised machine smoking methodologies 67
4.1.2 Problems and limits of standardised machine smoking . . . . . 68
4.2 Summary of previous work on mainstream smoke . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4.3 Comparison of a novel cigarette and a conventional 2R4F research
cigarette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
4.3.1 Experimental setup for the comparison of a a cigarette that
primarily heats, not burns, tobacco and a conventional 2R4F
research cigarette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
4.3.2 Results of the comparison of a cigarette that primarily heats
not burns tobacco and a conventional 2R4F research cigarette 76
4.4 Experimental setup of the smoking regime experiments . . . . . . . . 81
4.5 Results of the smoking regime experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
4.5.1 Comparison of ISO, Canadian and Massachusetts Intense
smoking conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4.5.2 Effect of filter ventilation on the chemical composition of
mainstream smoke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4.5.3 Effect of puff interval and puff volume on the composition of
mainstream smoke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
4.5.4 Possibilities of predicting smoke constituents yields . . . . . . 108
5 Sidestream Smoke Analysis 111
5.1 Sidestream smoke sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
5.2 Experimental setup of sidestream smoke experiments . . . . . . . . . 112
5.3 Results of the sidestream smoke measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
5.3.1 Puff-resolved quantification of selected compounds in
sidestream smoke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
5.3.2 Comparison of sidestream and mainstream smoke . . . . . . . 117
5.3.3 Comparison of sidestream smoke emissions of single tobacco
grade cigarettes (Virginia, Burley and Oriental) . . . . . . . . 119
5.3.4 Dynamic behaviour of sidestream smoke emissions . . . . . . . 125
5.3.5 Analysis of post-mainstream- and inter-puff sidestream emis-
sions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
6 Particulate Phase Analysis by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas
Chromatography 137
6.1 Principles of multidimensional techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
6.2 Pattern recognition rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
IIContents
6.3 Instrumental set-up and sample preparation of the particulate phase
analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
6.4 Results of the particulate phase analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
6.4.1 Comparison of main- and sidestream smoke particulate phase 142
6.4.2 Puff resolved analysis of mainstream particulate phase . . . . 144
6.5 Conclusion of the particulate phase analysis with comprehensive gas-
chromatography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
7 Conclusion and Outlook 153
Appendices 157
A Sidestream/mainstream (SS/MS) yield ratios 159
B Mass assignment 163
References 177
Abbreviations 199
Acknowledgment 209
List of publications 211
Curriculum vitae 213
IIIContents
IV1 Introduction
1.1 Historical aspects of tobacco
1.1.1 Origins of tobacco and tobacco consumption
TobaccobelongstothefamilyofthenightshadesandoriginatedinNorthandSouth
America. It is believed that tobacco consumption is as old as 6,000 B. C. when
the natives of North and South America used the chewed or smoked plant as a
naturalstimulantorhallucinogen.ItisknownthatinthefirstcenturyA.D.tobacco
consumption was a common habit in both Americas and tobacco plants were even
thused as currency. The first illustrations showing tobacco use are as old as the 11
century, inscribed and painted on vessels and artwork of the Maya in the Yucatan
region of Mexico.
At the discovery of the Americas by western civilisation by Christopher Columbus
in 1492, he was given various presents, including dried tobacco, which was believed
thto have no value because it was of no use to nutrition. In the early 16 century the
habitofsmokingcigarettesbytheAztecswasdiscoveredbytheSpanishconquistador
HernandoCortezinSouthAmericaandbroughtbacktoSpain,whileJaquesCartier
observed the smoking of dried leaves on the Island of Montreal. The Aztecs made
smoking articles from crushed tobacco leaves which were wrapped in corn husk, a
thcommonwayuntiltheearly17 century,whenthecornhuskwasreplacedbypaper,
and also used the tobacco in pipes, for chewing, as enema, or to embalm.
thTobacco was first cultivated in Europe in the middle of the 16 century by Jean
Nicot, who presented smoking as a treatment for migraine headaches to the royal
court in Paris. Soon the plant was grown all over Europe and by 1570 tobacco was
granted the scientific name “Herba Nicotina” by Jean Libault in honour of Jean
thNicot. As early as in the 17 century English settlers in America started growing
tobaccotoexportittoEuropeandtobaccoquicklybecamethegreatestexportgoods
of the American colonies, a fact that prolonged for approximately two centuries.
In the following years smoking spread through Portugal, Italy, Greece, Turkey to
southern Russia. By the 1830’s cigarettes were being made in Spain and crossed
11 Introduction
the Pyrenees and reached France. At that time tobacco was already imported from
Ohio, Maryland, and Kentucky into Russia and blended with local tobacco. Around
1850 Turkish leaf wa