Characterization of mouse polycystic kidney disease and receptor for egg jelly gene and protein in heterologous and native system [Elektronische Ressource] / vorgelegt von Yulia Butscheid geb. Gantievskaya

Yulia Kalugina

Sujets

• Gesundheit

Informations

• Publié par: philipps-universitat_marburg
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2006
• Nombre de lectures: 22
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 2 Mo

Extrait

Aus dem Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie
Geschäftsführender Direktor: Prof. Dr. med. Thomas Gudermann
des Fachbereichs Medizin der Philipps-Universität Marburg










Characterization of mouse polycystic kidney disease and receptor for
egg jelly gene and protein in heterologous and native system


Inaugural-Dissertation
zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades
der Humanbiologie
(Dr. rer. physiol.)


dem Fachbereich Medizin
der Philipps-Universität Marburg
vorgelegt


von
Yulia Butscheid geb. Gantievskaya
aus Minsk / Belarus

Marburg 2006
Angenommen vom Fachbereich Medizin der Philipps-Universität Marburg
am 24.03.2006.

Gedruckt mit der Genehmigung des Fachbereichs.

Dekan: Prof. Dr. med. Bernhard Maisch
Referent: Prof. Dr. Thomas Gudermann
Koreferent: Prof. Dr. Dr. Jürgen Daut
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For my parents Tamara and Alexander
For my husband Moritz
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- 3 -TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION 8
1.1. Male gametes 8
1.1.1. Morphology of mammalian spermatozoa 8
1.1.2. Domain organisation of the sperm plasma membrane 8
1.1.3. Epididymal sperm maturation 9
1.1.4. Sperm capacitation 10
1.1.5. Acrosome reaction 11
1.1.6. Sperm-egg fusion 13
1.2. Polycystic kidney disease gene family 14
1.2.1. Polycystins in male reproduction 15
1.2.2. Sea urchin receptor for egg jelly proteins 16
1.2.3. Polycystic kidney disease and receptor for egg jelly 17

2. OBJECTIVES 20

3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 21
3.2. Materials 21
3.2.1. Chemicals and reagents 21
3.2.2. Equipment and devices 22
3.2.3. Oligonucleotides and primers 23
3.2.4. Antibodies 24
3.2.5. Cell culture supplements 25
3.2.6. Immortalized cell lines 25
3.2.7. Buffers and standard solutions 26
3.3. Methods 28
3.3.1. General laboratory techniques 28
3.3.1.1. Sterilization of solutions and work materials 28
3.3.1.2. Determination of DNA and RNA concentrations 28
3.3.1.3. Plasmid DNA purification 28
3.3.1.4. Work with RNA 29
3.3.1.5. Work with DNA 29
- 4 -3.3.1.6. DNA agarose gel electrophoresis 29
3.3.1.7. Work with immortalized cell lines 29
3.3.2. Cell culture and cell biology methods 31
3.3.2.1. Transfection of HEK293, COS7 and EcR293 cells 31
3.3.2.2. Electroporation of GC-1 and GC-2 cells 31
3.3.2.3. Generation of PKDREJ inducible cell lines (EcR-P4) 31
3.3.2.4. Induction of PKDREJ expression in EcR-P4 cell lines with Ponasterone A 32
3.3.2.5. Primary culture of mouse aortic smooth muscle cells 32
3.3.2.6. Mouse sperm isolation 33
3.3.2.7. Preparation of unfractionated zona pellucida glycoproteins 34
3.3.2.8. Mouse sperm capacitation and induction of the acrosome reaction 34
3.3.2.9. Determination of sperm acrosome reaction status 35
3.3.2.10. Expression of PKDREJ proteins in Xenopus laevis oocytes 36
3.3.3. Molecular biology methods 37
3.3.3.1. Preparation of chemically competent Escherichia coli cells 37
3.3.3.2. Transformation of chemically competent Escherichia coli 38
3.3.3.3. Diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC) treatment of water 38
3.3.3.4. Isolation of total RNA from various mouse tissues and cultured cells 38
3.3.3.5. Preparation of DNA-free RNA prior to RT-PCR 39
3.3.3.6. First strand cDNA synthesis 39
3.3.3.7. RT-PCR for detection of PKDREJ mRNA 39
3.3.3.8. Site-directed mutagenesis 40
3.3.3.9. Bacterial two-hybrid screening 40
3.3.3.10. Molecular cloning strategies 40
3.3.4. Biochemical methods 42
3.3.4.1. Membrane protein preparation 42
3.3.4.2. Expression of GST-fusion proteins in E.coli 43
3.3.5. Immunological methods 43
3.3.5.1. Generation of anti-PKDREJ antibodies 44
3.3.5.2. Immunocytochemistry of mouse sperm 45
3.3.5.3. istry of adherent cells 45
3.3.5.4. Immunohystochemistry 45
3.3.5.5. Immunoelectron microscopy 46
- 5 -3.3.5.6. Western immunoblotting 47
3.3.6. Reproducibility of results 47

4. RESULTS 48
4.1. PKDREJ expression in mouse testis in spermatogenic cells 48
4.2. Heterologous expression of PKDREJ 50
4.3. Generation and characterisation of PKDREJ-specific antibodies 54
4.4. Generation of PKDREJ-inducible cell line 55
4.5. Lack of the PKDREJ cleavage at the GPS domain in heterologous 57
expression systems
4.6. Localization of PKDREJ on the plasma membrane of mouse sperm head 59
4.7. Non-testicular PKDREJ expression and localization 62
4.7.1. Localization of PKDREJ in heat muscle and pulmonary vessels 62
4.7.2. Localization of PKDREJ in primary cilia 65

5. DISSCUSSION 67
5.1. PKDREJ is a plasma membrane protein of mouse sperm head 67
5.2. PKDREJ is not cleft at the GPS domain in heterologous expression 71
systems
5.3. PKDREJ localization in transverse tubules and in primary cilia 72
5.4. Conclusions, implications and perspectives 75

6. SUMMARY 77

7. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 80

8. REFERENCES 83

9. ABBREVIATIONS 91

10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 93

11. CURRICULIM VITAE 94
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12. PUBLICATIONS 96
12.1. Publications generated within the scope of the thesis 96
12.2. Contributions to congresses 96

13. AKADEMISCHE LEHRER 97

14. EHRENWÖRTLICHE ERKLÄRUNG 98
- 7 -Intoduction



1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Male gametes

The spermatozoon is the end product of gametogenesis in the male, which occurs
within the seminiferous tubules of the testis. This process involves a series of mitotic
divisions of spermatogonia stem cells, two meiotic divisions by spermatocytes,
extensive morphological remodelling of spermatids during spermiogenesis, and the
release of free cells into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules by spermiation.
1.1.1. Morphology of mammalian spermatozoa
Spermatozoa of all mammals have two main components, the head and the
flagellum or tail, which are joined at the neck. The head consists of the acrosome, the
nucleus, and only small amount of cytoskeleton structures and cytoplasm. The acrosome
is a membrane organelle containing hydrolytic enzymes that are released during the
acrosome reaction. The sperm flagellum has a central axoneme surrounded by outer
dense fibers extending from the head to near the posterior end. Mitochondria are around
the dense fibers in the anterior part of the flagellum and a fibrous sheath in its posterior
part. The flagellum, like the head, is tightly wrapped by the plasma membrane and
contains little cytoplasm.
Although all mammalian spermatozoa have these general characteristics, there are
species-specific differences in the size and shape of the head and the length and relative
size of the components of the flagellum. Sperm of most mammalian species have a
spatulate head, the nucleus and acrosome are flattened in the plane of the anterior-
posterior axis of the sperm and they are usually symmetric. However, in some animals,
protrusions of the acrosome extend perpendicular by the flattened plane of the sperm
head. Thus, rodent sperm usually have a falciform-shaped head, with the acrosome
overlying the convex margin of the nucleus.
1.1.2. Domain organisation of the sperm plasma membrane
The unique feature of the spermatozoon is that the plasma membrane is
subdivided into well-defined regional domains that differ in composition and function.
These domains are dynamic structures and can undergo changes during the life of the
- 8 -Intoduction


cell. The major domains of the sperm head plasma membrane in most mammals are the
acrosomal and the postacrosomal regions. The first one includes the acrosomal cap and
equatorial segment that may be separated by the central crescent (Fig. 1.1.). The
acrosomal cap is more extensive in
sperm with a spatulate head, such as
those of humans, whereas the
equatorial segment is larger in sperm
with a falciform head like in mouse.
The postacrosomal region includes
the plasma membrane between the
posterior margin of the acrosome and
the posterior ring, which forms the
junction between head and tail. The
plasma membrane of the flagellum is
separated into middle piece domain Figure 1.1. Morphologyof mouse spermatozoon
overlying the mitochondrial sheath (A) Structural components of the mouse spermatozoon;
and the principal piece. (B) Sperm plasma membrane domains.

1.1.3. Epididymal sperm maturation
Spermatozoa leave the testis neither fully motile nor able to recognize or fertilize
an egg. To attain the capacity to fertilize, sperm undergoes many maturational changes
during their transit in the epididymal duct (Yanagimachi, 1994). Functional changes
occur in metabolic processes, the pattern and effectiveness of flagellar activity, and the
ability to bind to the zona pellucida. Changes in plasma membrane composition and
organisation contribute to these functional modifications. They are reflected by changes
in surface charge, lectin binding, lipid and protein composition, protein glycosylation