Contour integration and principles of perceptual grouping [Elektronische Ressource] / von Malte Persike

Sujets

• Psychologie

Informations

• Publié par: johannes_gutenberg-universitat_mainz
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2008
• Nombre de lectures: 16
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 15 Mo

Extrait

Contour Integration and Principles of
Perceptual Grouping
Inaugural Dissertation
zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades
eines Dr. phil.
vorgelegt dem Fachbereich 02
Sozialwissenschaften, Medien und Sport
der Johannes Gutenberg Universitat¨ Mainz
von
Dipl. Psych. Malte Persike
aus Hannover
Mainz 2008Tag des Prufungsk¨ olloquiums: 15. April 2008Those to whom I owe so
much, who lent their support
in every conceivable way,
who encouraged, endorsed,
and guided me - you know
who you are. Thank you.4Contents
List of Figures 9
List of Tables 13
1 Introduction 15
1.1 Perceptual Grouping and Gestalt Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.1.1 Gestalt Rules as a Perceptual Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.1.2 Good Continuation, Proximity, and Similarity Revisited . . . . . . 23
1.1.3 A Special Case of Good Continuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.2 Contour Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.2.1 Early Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.2.2 The ‘Association Field’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.2.3 Determinants of Contour Integration Performance . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.2.4 The Effect of Closure on Contour Integration Efficiency . . . . . . 33
1.2.5 Spatial Frequency Selectivity of Contour Integration . . . . . . . . 39
1.2.6 Contour Integration with Multiple Cues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
1.3 Thesis Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2 General methods 55
2.1 Stimulus Micropatterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.2 Stimuli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.2.1 Contour Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.2.2 Construction of Stimulus Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.2.3 Spatial Statistical Properties of Contour Displays . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.2.4 Outline and Spatial Arrangement of Target Stimuli . . . . . . . . . 60
2.3 Psychophysical Task . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2.4 Apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3 Perceptual Efficiency at Integrating Open and Closed Contours 63
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.2 Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.2.1 Experimental Rationale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
53.2.2 Stimulus Micropatterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.2.3 Orientation and Spatial Frequency Jitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.3 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.3.1 Subjects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.3.2 Preparation Measurements and Calibration of Individual Parameter
Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.3.3 Main Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.4 The Variation Coefficient Obtained from Psychometric Curves . . . . . . . 68
3.5 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.5.1 Psychometric Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.5.2 Data Clearing and Preparation of Statistical Testing . . . . . . . . . 75
3.5.3 Statistical Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
3.5.4 Within Group Correlation Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
3.5.5 Analysis of Variation Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
3.6 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4 Contour Integration across Spatial Frequency 91
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4.2 Experimental Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
4.3 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.3.1 Calibration of Individual Parameter Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.3.2 Main Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.4 Experiment 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.4.1 Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.4.2 Subjects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
4.4.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
4.5 Experiment 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
4.5.1 Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
4.5.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
4.6 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
5 Contour Integration by Cue Combination 115
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
5.2 Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
5.2.1 Stimulus Micropatterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
5.2.2 Orientation and Spatial Frequency of Stimulus Patches . . . . . . . 120
5.2.3 Experimental Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
5.2.4 Subjects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
5.2.5 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
65.2.6 Performance Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
5.2.7 Data Clearing and Handling of Outliers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
5.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
5.3.1 Parameter Ranges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
5.3.2 Screening of Cue Summation Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
5.3.3 Observed and Calibrated Single Cue Sensitivity Level . . . . . . . 126
5.3.4 Performance as a Function of Feature Contrast Level . . . . . . . . 127
5.3.5 The Cue Summation Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
5.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
5.4.1 Spatial Frequency as the Only Cue to the Contour . . . . . . . . . . 140
5.4.2 Contour Integration with Local Collinearity Cues and Variable Spa
tial Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
5.4.3 Combining Local Collinearity and Spatial Frequency Cues . . . . . 144
5.4.4 Task Specifity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
5.4.5 Hypothetical Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
5.4.6 Side Conditions for Modeling Contour Integration . . . . . . . . . 150
6 General Discussion 153
6.1 Principles of Perceptual Organization in Contour Integration . . . . . . . . 153
6.1.1 Closure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
6.1.2 Similarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
6.1.3 Local Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
6.2 Combining Local with Similarity and Feature Contrast . . . . . 163
7 Concluding Remarks 167
References 169
A The Gaussian Function on Logarithmic Scales 183
B The Generalized Variation Coefficient for the Weibull Distribution Function 185
C Sensitivity Measure for Variation in Two Feature Dimensions 187
78List of Figures
1.1 Perceptual Grouping Phenomena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.2 Extrapolation of Curved Shapes Based on Good Continuation, Curvature,
and Prior Expectancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.3 Cooperation and Competition among Grouping Principles . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.4 Principles of Good Continuation and Proximity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.5 Contribution of a Feature Contrast Cue to Similarity Grouping . . . . . . . 24
1.6 Examples of Contour Integration Stimuli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.7 Illustration of the ‘Association Field’ Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.8 Collinearity, Curvature, and Tilt Angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
1.9 Examples of Contour Stimuli Used by Kovacs and Julesz (1993) . . . . . . 34
1.10 Illustrations of Spatial Density Cues to Contour Integration . . . . . . . . . 36
1.11 Contour Visibility with Different Degrees of Closure . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
1.12 Discrete and Continuous Spatial Frequency Variability . . . . . . . . . . . 41
1.13 The Effect of Spatial Frequency Variability on Contour Visibility . . . . . . 42
1.14 Contour Grouping by Good Continuation and Depth Segregation . . . . . . 45
1.15 Visibility due to Spatial Frequency Similarity and Feature Contrast 47
1.16 Combination of Color and Collinearity Cues in Contour Integration . . . . 50
1.17 Cue combination in a Feature Detection and Figure Identification Task . . . 51
1.18 Example for Mechanisms of Feature Contrast, Similarity Grouping, and
Good Continuation in Contour Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.1 Generation of Contours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.2 Construction of Stimulus Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.3 Contour Detectability at Different Tilt Angles . . . . . . .