COST 314 - EXPRESS DELIVERY SERVICES - FINAL REPORT

European Commission Directorate-General For Mobility And Transport

Sujets

• Cargo
• Tertiary sector of the economy
• Transport in Europe
• Transport economics

Informations

• Publié par: EUROPEAN-COMMISSION-DIRECTORATE-GENERAL-FOR-MOBILITY-AND-TRANSPORT
• Nombre de lectures: 20
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 2 Mo

Extrait

RANSPORT RESEARCH
EUROPEAN
COMMISSION
COST 314
I DIRECTORATE
I GENERAL
! I TRANSPORT European Cooperation
in the field of Scientific
and Technical Research
COST 314
Express Delivery Services
Final report of the Action
European Commission
Directorate General Transport LEGAL NOTICE
Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission
is responsible for the use which might be made of the following information.
The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the
European Commission.
Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication
Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1997
ISBN 92-827-7119-9
© CECA-CE-CEEA, Brussels - Luxembourg 1997
Reproduction is authorized, except for commercial purposes, provides the source is
acknowledged.
Printed in the United Kingdom COST 314
M. Sävy (ENPC) - Chairman
C. Ruijgrok (TNO) - Vice-Chairman
Reporters
D. Albrecht (Albrecht & Partner)
M. Savy (ENPC)
J. Van Riet (TNO)
G. Yannis (Interconsult Technology)
The report was completed in October 1995.
For further information contact :
COST Transport - DG VII.E.2. - Avenue de Beaulieu, 31 - B-1160 Brussels - Fax : [phone] TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD
PAGE
PART ONE
Situation and Economic Trends 8
1. Express goods transport
2. Trend in demand 18
3. Supply of express services 23
4. Competition with other transport services 31
5. Enterprise strategies and industry structures2
6. Outlook 4
PART Two
Political Questions5
1. Express-oriented transport policy 4
2. Competition8
3. Environment, safety, energy 52
4. Location of facilities4
5. Town and country planning
6. Transport and telecommunications infrastructures
7. Technologies7
8. Eastern and central European countries8
9. Social questions 60
10. Information
11. Express delivery services and transport policy 61
-4 PART THREE
Attitude of the European Commission and international associations 62
1. Overview of the position of the European Commission 6
2.w of the position of the International Associations7
3. General attitude 71
GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 80
ANNEXES
I. References and national monographs 87
II. List of tables and figures9
III. Participants of the COST 314 Committee 91 FOREWORD
Express delivery is one of the most dynamic sectors of freight transport (both goods and
mail), from the standpoint both of technological and organisational innovations and of
competition between operators - old and new, European and extra-European - in their efforts
to make the available services better suited to an ever-changing demand.
Express delivery services can thus be seen as a "laboratory" of change in the freight business,
perfecting advanced methods which, gradually, will spread into more commonplace sectors
of the market. They also raise, with special emphasis, questions of transport policy which
may shed light on the problems and issues of the transport system as a whole.
The COST 314 Action set itself the objective of studying the development of express delivery
services and the associated political questions on the basis of an international cooperative
research effort. Those involved in this study represent the states which were signatories to
the declaration of intent launching the project: Greece, Spain, France, Finland, Ireland, Italy,
the Netherlands, Slovenia, Sweden and Switzerland.
On the basis of a jointly defined set of questions, the participants in the project first studied
the express delivery market in their respective countries, identifying the volume of activity,
the types of operator and the dynamics of development. An initial summarising report made
it possible to emphasise the strength of the comparable trends found in the various countries
under consideration, confirming the special nature of express delivery in the transport sector
and the relevance of a study project devoted to it. The particular features of each country
were also highlighted, reflecting for example the fact that the leader in the internal market in
each country is a national operator, an offshoot of a more or less traditional carrier, whereas
the big international express specialists often dominate the market in international trade. In a second phase, the political questions raised by express delivery were dealt with by the
same method. The members of the Committee - recognised experts in their own countries -
were well placed to nominate contacts representing government and business circles to discuss
the political problems associated with express delivery. The results were then compared and
summarised on the basis of a transverse thematic reading, the national contributions being
broken down in a grid of questions which enabled them to be compared, thus producing a
European view, further enhanced by a specific study of the attitude of the European
institutions and the international professional bodies.
The present report provides a final account of these two phases of the project. The first part
summarises the economic approach to express delivery services in Europe, underlining the
general trends and special features of the countries studied. The second part expounds the
political approach. The third one focuses itself on the attitude of the European Commission
and the international association.
- 7 PART ΟΝΕ
Situation and Economic Trends
I. Express Goods Transport
1.1. The development of express delivery services
Initially, express services were used solely for the most important and valuable shipments,
primarily by banks. Additionally, express services permitted the transfer of information
between high-tech countries and those in which computer and telecommunication technology
were not (yet) commonplace. What were initially special services gradually turned into
service-providers that were used daily. Sporadic customers increasingly turned into regular
customers. The courier, express and parcel services diversified into all product areas and
weight categories. These express services serve less to satisfy an individual demand for
transport (house delivery) than the demand from shippers who, with their distribution and
manufacturing process have limited their warehousing to a minimum. Any interruption to the
chain of transport that disturbs distribution or production causes these shippers far higher costs
than the actual transport.
Of all the sectors in the freight industry, the express services are undoubtedly the most
modern in terms of technology and organisation and offer a picture of the changes which will
affect the entire industry sector in the foreseeable future:
The introduction of uniform technologies and processes for the monitoring of parcel
shipments, which will allow optimum despatch and inform the customer about the
slightest uncertainties,
The automation of freight processing activities (sorting, shipping, etc.) and thus the
standardisation of shipments in some countries,
The frequently changing and continually flexible use of all means of transport and the
systematic use of hierarchically structured networks of transhipment installations,
The determination of tariff structures in which the quality and reliability of the
services offered are more important than the cost of the actual service,
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