Development of supplemental diets for carp in Vietnamese upland ponds based on locally available resources [Elektronische Ressource] / presented by Tuan, Nguyen Ngoc

Tuan

Informations

• Publié par: universitat_hohenheim
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 29
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

Department of Aquaculture Systems and Animal Nutrition
Institute for Animal Production in the Tropics and Subtropics
Universität Hohenheim

Head: Prof. Dr. Klaus Becker
Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Ulfert Focken



DEVELOPMENT OF SUPPLEMENTAL DIETS FOR CARP
IN VIETNAMESE UPLAND PONDS
BASED ON LOCALLY AVAILABLE RESOURCES



Dissertation
Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree
“Doktor der Agrarwissenschaften”
(Dr.sc.agr./ PhD. in Agriculture Sciences)


to the
Faculty Agricultural Sciences

Presented by
Tuan, Nguyen Ngoc
From Thai Binh (Vietnam)

2010

































This thesis was accepted as a doctoral dissertation in fulfilment of the requirements for
the degree “Doktor der Agrarwissenschaften” by the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences
that University of Hohenheim, on 30 of April 2010.

thDate of oral examination: 18 of May 2010



Examination Committee

Supervisor, Reviewer, and Examiner: Prof. Dr. U. Focken
Reviewer and Examiner: Prof. Dr. M. Rodehutscord
Examiner: Prof. Dr. F. Heidhues
Vice-Dean and Head of the Committee: Prof. Dr. W. Bessei
Acknowledgements
This study would ve not been hafinished without the ort suppof the staff of the Institute
for Animal Production in the TropicSubts andropics, Departm nt e of Aquaculture
Systems and Animal Nutrition, Universiof Hohe ty nhei m and of the Department of
Aquaculture, Hanoi University of Agriculture.
During my PhD study, I bhaveeen indebted to many people without whom this
dissertation could never have been completed. First of all, I would like to express my
sincere thanks to PD. Dr. Ulfert Fock suen, pemrvyisor, for his unreserved support and
encouragement in the conduct thiofs study. I woulgid lvie kse tpeco ial thanks to Prof.
Dr. Klaus Becker, who initially accepted me to come to Germany to study. His
sympathy and his excelle ys ntof waorganizing have given me great inspiration and
motivation to pursue the rough scientific road.
I would like to thank Kito m Mr. Van Van who gave me permission to work and to use
the facilities in the above mentimeonendt .D epIa artppreciae tsupporte th given by all
of my colleagues in Vietnam, especiallung, Hoay Di, Mai, Tuyet, Hang, Chau who did
not hesitate to help me with hand rd my work, stude a nt, Hung, who provided substantial
assistance during the field trials.
I would like to thank my colleagues, ed their who sharworking lives with me during this
period, especially, HerrmanBaumn gärtner and Beatrix Fischer for their invaluable
guidance in laboratory work. My special thanks to Euloge Dongmeza for his close
friendship and for giving advice at froalm il nistagtiales planning to data analysis, right
up to completion of this is.th I esalso would likve e tspecialo gi thanks to Peter
Lawrence and his wife for their blinve healulp eain correction of my thesis.
I was lucky to work with Silke Steibronn. I greatly appreciated her generous help and
empathy which gave me strength to cope with many difficulties.
Special thank to my Vietnamese inf riends Hohenheim for their encouragement and
moral support. My life in Hohenheimuld wo have been so boring without the
Vietnamese community. Especial th Manks inh ntoot only for her friendship and
i
support during my time in Hoheeim nhbut also for critically ading the re first draft of my
thesis.
Personally, I am most grateful to s my apand refntamily who haalways ve supported me
with their love and concern. I ct ouhlda vnoe finishedstudy my without their
encouragement, patience, sacrifice and sympathy.
Finally, I would like to express myde gtrao tihte uDAAD for financial support during
my study period.

ii
Table of Content
Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... i
Table of Content ............................................................................................................ iii
List of Tables ................................................................................................................. vii
List of Figures ....................................................................................... ix
List of Abbreviations ...................................................................................................... x
Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1
2. Literature Reviews ............................................................................ 5
2.1 General Aquaculture ................................................................................................ 5
2.2 Aquaculture of Vietnam ........................................................................................... 7
2.3 Rural aquaculture and current aquaculture system in Yen Chau – Son La -
Vietnam ...................................................................................................................... 9
2.3.1 Role of aquaculture in ruvelopmeralnt ........................ de .......................... ............. 9
2.3.2 Aquaculture in Yen Ch..........................au ............................ ..................... ........... 10
2.4 Feed technology and roles of fish meal in fish feed worldwide .......................... 13
2.5 Alternative protein sources and constraints ........................................................ 16
2.6 Earthworm and potential of vermi-culture ................................ 17
2.7 Common carp .......................................................................................................... 21
2.7.1 Common carp biology .................. ..................... .................... ........... 21
2.7.2 Common carp culture ........................................22
2.7.3 Nutritional requirements of common carp ............................................................ 28
iii

2.7.4 Feed for common carp in practice ......................................... ..................... ........... 32
2.7.5 The need to develop of low-cost di ets, with referento ce conditions in Yen
Chau ............................................. .......................... ......................... .......................... . 35
3. Materials and Methods ............................................................................................. 37
3.1. Experimental procedure .............................................................. 37
3.2. Trial animals ........................................................................................................... 38
3.3. Trial diets ...................................................................................... 38
3.3.1 Ingredients ................................ .......................... . 38
3.3.2 Diet formula............................tion ..................... .................... ..................... ........... 39
3.4. Experimental setup .......................44
3.4.1 Laboratory trials (Tria3, anl 1, Td Trialrial 4).................... ....... ...... 44
3.4.2 Field trial 2()T r.i.a..l............................................... .......................... ..................... 46
3.5. Chemical analyses .................................................................................................. 49
3.5.1 Analysis of proximate compositions ...................................................................... 49
3.5.2 Analysis of amino acids of ntings,r ediets and ..........................fish ................ 52
3.5.3 Soybean treating and trypsiitor n inhanalib ysis ...........52
3.5.4 Tannin anal........................ysis .......................... .................... ..................... ........... 53
3.5.5 Determination of TiO ....................... ................ 542
3.6 Formulas used ...................................... 55
3.7 Data analysis ............................................................................................................ 57
4. Results ........................................................................................................................ 58
4.1 Nutritive values of potential feed ingredients in Yen Chau ................................ 58
4.1.1 Proximate composition .......................................................................................... 58
4.1.2 Amino acid composit oifon feed ingredients ......................... ..................... ........... 61
4.1.3 Chemical composition, amino ampcosid iticoon and estimated cost of feed in
the study ................................................. .......................... .......................... ................ 64
iv

4.2 Effects of the locally formulated diets on fish growth performance under
different conditions (laboratory conditions (Trial 1) and field conditions
(Trial 2) .................................................................................................................... 71
4.2.1 Environmental parameters in eedtinghe tria