Durational effects and non-smooth semi-Markov models in life insurance [Elektronische Ressource] / vorgelegt von Marko Helwich

Sujets

• Social work
• Mathematics

Informations

• Publié par: universitat_rostock
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2007
• Nombre de lectures: 20
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 2 Mo

Extrait

Durational efiects and non-smooth
semi-Markov models in life insurance
Dissertation
zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades
doctor rerum naturalium (Dr. rer. nat.)
der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakult˜at
der Universit˜at Rostock
vorgelegt von
Dipl.-Math. Marko Helwich,
geboren am 09. Dezember 1976 in Schwerin,
aus Rostock
Rostock, im Dezember 2007Gutachter:
Prof. Dr. Hartmut Milbrodt, Institut fur˜ Mathematik, Universit˜at Rostock
Prof. Dr. Friedrich Liese, Institut fur˜ Universit˜at Rostock
Prof. Dr. Klaus D. Schmidt, Institut fur˜ Mathematische Stochastik, TU Dresden
Tag der Verteidigung:
27. Mai 2008Great are the works of the LORD;
they are pondered by all who delight in them.
Psalm 111, verse 2Contents
1 Introduction 1
2 Modelling a single risk 13
A Classes of processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
B Some general remarks on Markov processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
C Homogeneous Markovian marked point processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
D Non-smooth semi-Markovian pure jump processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
D.1 Backward and forward equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
D.2 A special case - Markovian pure jump processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3 Interest, payments and reserves 65
A Reserves in a non-random set-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
B Relating payment streams and probabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
C Duration-depending actuarial payment functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4 Prospective reserves and prospective losses 73
A Thiele’s integral equations of type 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
B Premiums and reserves for PKV and PHI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
C Martingale representation of the prospective loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
D Thiele’s integral equations of type 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
E Solvability of integral equations for the prospective reserve . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
F Loss variances and Hattendorfi’s theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
G Integral equations for the loss variance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
5 Retrospective reserves 117
A Difierent deflnitions of the retrospective reserve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
B Retrospective reserves in a non-smooth Markov set-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Cectivees in aoth semi-Markov set-up . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
A Tools and Proofs 123
1 Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
2 Proofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
vChapter 1
Introduction
The aim of this work is to model and investigate so-called durational efiects in life insurance.
This means, in the context of a multiple state model for a single risk, that probabilities of
transitions between certain states as well as actuarial payments are not completely determined
by the current state of the policy, but may also depend on the time elapsed since entering this
state.
The development of an insured risk is usually described by non-homogeneous Markovian
pure jump processes with a flnite state space containing all possible states of the policy. The
Markov property assures that the future development of such a process only depends on the
state which is occupied at a certain time. Further, the actuarial payments, which are often
separately considered as sojourn payments and payments due to transitions, are constructed
such that they also solely depend on the current state of the policy. Here, a generalized model
is presented that allows an appropriate implementation of durational efiects, such that both
transition probabilities and actuarial payments are additionally allowed to depend on the time
elapsed since entering the current state. In order to achieve this, the development of an insured
risk is modelled by non-homogeneous semi-Markovian pure jump processes. Note that each
Markov process is also a semi-Markov process.
A pure jump process (X ) with flnite state space S can also be described by using at t‚0
marked point process with space of marks S. The marked point process ((T ;Z )) thatm m m2N0
appertains to a pure jump process - which is either Markovian or semi-Markovian - is a Markov
chain. Hence, in order to develop a model that covers both the Markov as well as the semi-
Markov approach, our theory mostly relies on the Markov property of the appertaining marked
pointprocess((T ;Z )) . Forreasonstobeexplainedlater, thisprocessisfurtherassumedm m m2N0
to be homogeneous. The Markov property of ((T ;Z )) implies the Markov property ofm m m2N0
the bivariate process ((X ;U )) . For each t ‚ 0, the process ((X ;U )) records both thet t t‚0 t t t‚0
current state of the policy, X , and the time spent in state X up to time t since the latestt t
transition to that state, U . Thus, for our approach, the pure jump process (X ) is nott t t‚0
necessarily Markovian, but the bivariate process ((X ;U )) is a Markov process. In contrastt t t‚0
to the pure jump process (X ) , however, this process does not have a flnite state space. Thet t‚0
state space of ((X ;U )) is given byS£[0;1):t t t‚0
Before giving a survey of the literature that is concerned with durational efiects in life
insurance,andafterwardspresentingtheoutlineofthisthesis,threeexamplesfromlifeinsurance
are discussed for which the probabilities of certain transitions actually depend on the time
elapsed since the current state was entered. Doing so, the importance of durational efiects with
respect to the development of a single policy shall be pointed out. The insurance products
being considered are German private health insurance (PKV: Private Krankenversicherung),
permanent disability insurance (also referred to as permanent health insurance (PHI)), and
long-term care insurance (LTC).
12 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
Germanprivatehealthinsuranceformsthecapitalfundedpartofthehealthinsurancesystem
iny. Hence, the following issues are a distinctively German matter of interest. Since
policyholders currently lose their ageing provision (i.e. the prospective reserve) if they switch
insurance companies, there is, on the one hand, a lack of competition. This is being discussed in
German politics at the present time. On the other hand, an interesting actuarial issue is raised,
namely that withdrawal probabilities decrease with the time of being insured. The reason for
this is that the prospective reserve - and with that the loss due to withdrawal - increases over
the flrst years. Hence, the withdrawal probabilities do not only depend on the attained age
of an insured, but also on the previous duration of the contract. Figure 1 gives an impression
of this efiect. For a real existing PKV portfolio with annual withdrawal rates structured by
technical age and time elapsed since entry into the portfolio, mere age-depending withdrawal
rates w ;x 2 fx ;:::;x g are compared with age- and duration-depwalx MIN MAX
rates w ;x 2 fx ;:::;x g;u 2 f0;:::;x¡x g; in the case of 36-year old insured ofx;u MIN MAX MIN
both gender and previous contract durations u=0;:::;15.
–––– w36
++++ w36;u
u 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 u0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Figure 1: Age- and duration-depending annual withdrawal rates compared with mere age-
depending withdrawal rates with respect to the previous contract duration u, for men (left)
and women (right) at the age of x=y =36
Currently, the decrement of a PKV portfolio is modelled by using a Markov approach with
a mere age-depending actuarial basis. However, flgure 1 shows that in doing so, the actual
withdrawal rates of insured with a short previous contract duration are underestimated and thewal rates of policyholders being insured for a longer time are overestimated. The latter
is a very crucial point, because the withdrawal rates are used to calculate the reserve that is
left by the withdrawing insured and put to increase the reserve of the remaining insured. In a
certain sense, this is like giving flnancial support to the remaining insured, resulting in lower
net premiums for them. Consequently, if the actual withdrawal rates are lower than the ones
used for actuarial calculations, the resulting net premiums might be too low. Hence, the risk
of the portfolio is not really covered. For this reason, a calculation relying on an age- and
duration-depending actuarial basis could help to avoid losses for the insurance company, or at
least to prevent from unintended shifting of risks. Yet, according to the obligatory regulations
concerning the actuarial modelling for German private health insurance - i.e. the act concern-
ing the health insurance calculation (KalV: Kalkulationsverordnung [1996]) and the German3
Insurance Supervisory Law (VAG: Versicherungsaufsichtsgesetz [2004]) - it is not permitted to
basethecalculationonanage-andduration-dependingactuarialbasis. Forifthiswerethecase,
premiumswouldalsodependonpreviouscontractdurations,basicallyinthefollowingway: The
longer the previous contract duration, the higher the premium. This, however, is forbidden in
order to prevent premiums for long-term insured becoming more expensive than premiums for
n