Effect of horticultural practices on improving productivity and fruit quality of Crimson Seedless grapes [Elektronische Ressource] / Emad El Din El Sayed Abdel Razek Mohamed Ali
261 pages
English

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Effect of horticultural practices on improving productivity and fruit quality of Crimson Seedless grapes [Elektronische Ressource] / Emad El Din El Sayed Abdel Razek Mohamed Ali

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261 pages
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Publié par
Publié le 01 janvier 2008
Nombre de lectures 23
Langue English
Poids de l'ouvrage 2 Mo

Extrait


TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT MÜNCHEN


Fachgebiet für Obstbau






Effect of Horticultural Practices on Improving Productivity and
Fruit Quality of ‘Crimson Seedless’ Grapes


Emad El Din El Sayed Abdel Razek Mohamed Ali


Vollständiger Abdruck der von der Fakultät Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für
Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt der Technischen Universität München
zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines

Doktors der Agrarwissenschaften (Dr. agr.)

genehmigten Dissertation.

Vorsitzender: Univ.-Prof. Dr. J. Meyer
Prüfer der Dissertation: 1. Univ.-Prof. Dr. D. R. Treutter
2. Hon.-Prof. Dr. K. Wahl


Die Dissertation wurde am 22.01.2008 bei der Technischen Universität München
eingereicht und durch die Fakultät Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung,
Landnutzung und Umwelt am 04.03.2008 angenommen.
DEDICATION





To the spirit of my beloved mother, who learnt me the first words in my life, gave
me her kindness, spent the nights to look after my childhood, and struggled in
her life to breed, educate and humanize.

To spirit of my lovely father, who embraced me during his life and learnt me the
manliness and endurance.

I dedicate all my achievements.


I ask ALLAH to bestow the grace upon them, even as they cherished and reared
me when I was a child
Also, I ask ALLAH to forgive, and imparadise them.

۞۞۞۞۞
ACKNOWLEDGMENT


Thanks ALLAH for helping me achieving this work. Without his guidance, this work
would never have been accomplished.
I would like to express my deepest thanks and greatful appreciation to my supervisor
Prof. Dr. Dieter Treutter for accepting me as his Ph.D. student, for his competent
supervision, continuous support to this work. I cannot forget his support since the first
moment I arrived Germany, his waiting in Munich Airport to pick me up, his
organization for my residence in Freising, his support to stay with my family and his
kind invitations for me and my family.
I would like to thank my colleagues at Unit of Fruit Science, TU München for their
understanding, valuble advice and friendship. Thanks to Prof. Dr. W. Feucht who works
with me during weekends and I always remember his words ‘The result is not the
answer’. Greatful thanks to Dr. Susanne Rühmann for her courses, advices and her
helping with her husband Albrecht for my family. Thanks a lot for Dr. Michael
Neumüller for courses and advices. Many thanks to Anja Härter, Marlene Kramler and
Kerstin Zofka for helping in this study. I have 2 mothers in Germany, they give me
advices, they are Inge Lemberger and Rita Wimmer. Special thanks to Ludwig
Lichtenegger and Ina Tittel for helping and friendship in Dürnast.
My deepest heartfelt thankes to Prof. Dr. Mohamed Abou-Rawash, Professor of
Pomology and Chairman of Horticulture Dept., Ain Shams University for his
supervision, guidance and advice during my Ph.D. work in Egypt.
Greatful appreciation and deeply indebted to Prof. Dr. Nazmi Abd El-Hamid, Professor
of Pomology, Horticulture Dept., Ain Shams University for his scientific supervision,
continuous help in the ‘Crimson Seedless’ vineyard, Ph.D. courses, laboratory work and
his kind brotherhood.
I am particularly grateful to Prof Dr. Mohamed Maher Saad Saleh and Prof Dr.
Mahmoud Soliman El-Shamma, Pomology Dept., National research center (NRC), for
their supervision, sincere scientific advice, valuable suggestions during my M.Sc. and
Ph.D study in Egypt.
I wish to thank all the staff members of the Pomology Department, National Researcher
Centre (NRC) for their kind and assistance. I wish to express my special and immense thanks to my Egyptian Government
represented in Ministry of Higher Education, Mission Dept. in Cairo and Cultural Dept.
& Study Mission in Berlin, Germany for their financial support during my study in
Germany.
I wish to thank my wife Hala, my sons, El-Hassan and El-Hussein for their helpful
support, permanent patience and continuous love.



I CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION……………………….…………...………………………… 1
1.1 Description of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grape………………….……………… 1
1.2 ‘Crimson Seedless’ grape in the world………………………………...…. 2
1.3 Problems of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapes…………………………..……… 3
1.4 Outline of the studied trails…..…………………………………………… 4
1.5 Objectives of this thesis…...…………………………………………..….. 4

2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE…………………….…………………………… 5
2.1 Function of nitrogen and potassium in grapevine………………..………… 5
2.2 Effect of N and K fertilization on the nutritional status…………………… 7
2.3 Effect of N and K fertilization on productivity……….…………………..... 12
2.4 Effect of N and K fertilization on bud behavior……………..…….………. 16
2.5 Effect of N and K fertilization on growth ………..……..…………………. 17
2.5.1 Leaf area………………………………………………….…………... 17
2.5.2 Cane thickness……………………………………………..………….. 18
2.6 Effect of N and K fertilization on cluster characteristics……………...….... 19
2.6.1 Cluster weight……...…………………………………………..……… 19
2.6.2 Cluster dimension…………....…………………………………..……. 21
2.6.3 Number of berries per cluster and cluster compactness…………...….. 22
2.7 Effect of N and K fertilization on fruit quality……………………….....… 23
2.7.1 Fruit physical properties……………...……...……………………...… 24
2.7.1.1 Berry dimension, size and weight………………………………. 24
2.7.1.2 Berry firmness and adherence……………………….…………. 26
2.7.2 Fruit chemical properties…………………...…………….………… 26
2.7.2.1 T.S.S %…………..……...……….……………………………... 26
2.7.2.2 Acidity………………………………………………………..… 28
2.7.2.3 T.S.S/acid ratio…..…………………………………………..…. 29
2.7.2.4 Sugars fraction…………….……………..……………………... 30
2.7.2.5 Phenolic compounds (bioactive compounds)……………..……. 30
2.7.2.5.1 Phenolic compounds and human health..………………..….. 30
2.7.2.5.2 Flavonoids in grapes…………………………….…………... 31
2.7.2.5.3 Basic definition……………….…………………...………… 34
2.7.7.5.3.1 Non-flavonoid compounds group…………………...…. 34
II CONTENTS

2.7.7.5.3.1.1 Hydroxybenzoic acids………….……….……..….…. 34
2.7.7.5.3.1.2 Hydroxycinamic acid (phenylpropanoids) ………….. 35
2.7.7.5.3.1.3 Stilbenes (resveratrol)…...….……………………...... 36
2.7.1.5.3.2 Flavonoids compound group………………….…………….. 38
2.7.1.5.3.2.1 Flavones…..………..…………….………………….. 38
2.7.1.5.3.2.2 Flavonols……………………….…………………… 39
2.7.1.5.3.2.3 Dihydroflavonols………………………...………….. 40
2.7.1.5.3.2.4 Flavanones………...…………….…….…………….. 41
2.7.1.5.3.2.5 Flavan 3-ols.……...……………………………….… 42
2.7.1.5.3.2.6 Flavan 4-ols……………………………………….… 43
2.7.1.5.3.2.7 Flavan 3,4-diols (leucoanthocyanidin)..…………..… 43
2.7.1.5.3.2.8 Proanthocyanidins (codenensed tannins)…………… 44
2.7.1.5.3.2.9 Anthocyanins………..………………………….…… 46
2.7.1.5.3.2.10 Hydrolysis of procyanidins...…………………...…….. 48
2.7.1.5.3.2.11 Anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway……………..……. 49
2.7.1.5.3.2.12 Flavonol, anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway………… 50
2.7.1.5.3.2.13 Catechin, epicatechin, cyanidin biosynthetic pathway.. 51
2.7.1.5.3.2.14 Isoflavonoid…………………………………………... 52
2.7.1.5.4 Determination the flavonoids in grapes..………………………... 53
2.7.1.5.5 Flavonoids in grapes as affected by N&K fertilization.…….. 58

2.8 The benefit of defoliation and cluster thinning…………………………... 59
2.9 Effect of defoliation and defoliation and cluster thinning on cluster
characteristics and fruit quality…………………………..………. 61
2.9.1 Cluster weight…………..……………………………………… 61
2.9.2 Cluster dimension…..………………………………………….. 62
2.9.3 Number of the berries per cluster……………….……………...
62
2.9.4 Berry weight and dimension…………….……………………... 63
2.9.5 T.S.S % and acidity………….………………………………… 64
2.9.6 Sugar fraction……………………………………….…………. 67
2.9.7 Flavonoids………………………………………………….….. 68

3 MATERIALS AND METHODS…………….……………………………….. 71
3.1 Plant materials and vineyard site………….……………………………….. 71
3.2 Treatments and experimental design……………………………...…….…. 72
III CONTENTS
3.2.1 N and K fertilization experiment………………………………….… 72
3.2.2 Defoliation and fruit thinning experiment…………….…………….. 73
3.3 Measurements and chemical analysis…………………………………….…. 74

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS……………..………………………………. 81
4.1 Effect of N and K fertilization on the nutritional status……………………... 81
4.2 Effect of N and K fertilization on productivity…………………………..….. 84
4.3 Effect of N and K fertilization on bud behavior……………..………………. 85
4.4 Effect of N and K fertilization on growth …………………………………… 87
4.5 Effect of N and K fertilization on cluster characteristics…………….……… 89
4.6 Effect of N and K fertilization on fruit quality………………………………. 93
4.6.1 Fruit physical properties…………………….………………………….. 93
4.6.2 Fruit chemical properties………………………………………………. 97
4.6.2.1 T.S.S %, acidity and T.S.S/acid ratio………………………

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