Effects of a pesticide mixture on plankton in freshwater mesocosms - from single substance studies to combination impacts [Elektronische Ressource] / Herbert M. Grünwald

Herbert Cook

Sujets

• Biologie

Informations

• Publié par: technische_universitat_munchen
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2004
• Nombre de lectures: 12
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 5 Mo

Extrait

Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan
für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt
Department Ökologie
Fachgebiet Ökotoxikologie








Effects of a Pesticide Mixture on Plankton in Freshwater
Mesocosms – from single substance studies to combination impacts


Herbert M. Grünwald



Vollständiger Abdruck der von der Fakultät Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für
Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt der Technischen Universität München zur Erlangung
des akademischen Grades eines


Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.)


genehmigten Dissertation.



Vorsitzender: Univ.-Prof. Dr. A. Melzer
Prüfer der Dissertation:
1. Univ.-Prof. Dr. W. Huber 2. WHöll

Die Dissertation wurde am 11.09.2003 bei der Technischen Universität München
eingereicht und durch die Fakultät Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung,
Landnutzung und Umwelt am 02.12.2003 angenommen. 2
Abbreviations
a.i. active ingredient
approx.approximately
a.t. after treatment; “negative “ days mean “before treatment”
CA concentrationaddition; a model for the prediction of a mixture toxicity (for agents with a
similar mode of action)
CCA Canonical correspondence analysis; multivariate factor analysis that combined releveé and
environmental data
CYP α-Cypermethrin, a neurotoxic pyrethriod insecticide
CYP<number> Treatment level; the name of an enclosure containing a certain amount of α-Cypermethrin;
higher numbers indicate higher concentrations
df degrees offreedom
DTDissipation time for half the amount of a substance; half-life time 50
e.g. for example
EAC Ecologically acceptable concentration; the concentration of an agent that can be accepted in
the environment, because its effects can be compensated in a very short time
EC Effect concentration; the number means the percentage of the endpoint that show a certain <number, x>
effect, “x” is a wild card
et al. and other co-authors
etc. et cetera
GC-ECD Gas chromatography with an Electrode Array Detection
HPLCHigh pressure/performance liquid chromatography
i.e. id est, Latin for “that means”
IA independent action; a model for the prediction of a mixture toxicity (for agents with a
dissimilar mode of action)
IPQ Index of prediction quality; a number that indicates the accuracy of a prediction model
IPU Isoproturon, a phenylurea herbicide, blocks photosynthesis
IPU<number> Treatment level; the name of an enclosure containing a certain amount of Isoproturon; higher
numbers indicate higher concentrations
LC liquid chromatography
LC Lethal concentration; the number means the percentage of the endpoint that were killed, “x” is <number, x>
a wild card
LD lethal dose; the amount of an agent that kills the percentage of a test organism indicated by the <number, x>
number; “x” is a wild card
level <number> mean value of a parameter in the enclosures that received a certain amount of both pesticides;
higher numbers indicate higher concentrations
LOEC Lowest observed effect concentration; the lowest treatment level at which statistically
significant effects were observed
LOEL rved effect level; the lowest treatment level at which effects were observed
LOD limit ofdetection
LOQlimit ofquantification
NEC No effect concentration; the concentration of an agent at which no effect is expected, needs
not to be realized in an experiment but is retrieved by inverse regression, for example
NOAEL No observed adverse effect level
NOEAEC No Observed Ecologically Adverse Effect Concentration
NOEC No observed effect concentration; the treatment level at which no statistically significant
effects were observed
NOEL No observed effect level; the treatment level at which no effects were observed, in this thesis
derived by combining several results
PCA Principal component analysis; a multivariate analysis
PE polyethylene
PECpeak environmental concentrations
PRC Principal response curve; a multivariate analysis designed to test and display treatment effects
that change across time
RAD Relative absolute distance
SPE solid phaseextraction
std. dev. standarddeviation
TER toxicity exposure ratio
UV/VIS Ultraviolett/visible light
3

CONTENTS
Abbreviations......................................................................................................................... 3
1 Introduction 15
1.1 Plant protection and the environment.................................................................... 15
1.2 Environment and plant protection ......................................................................... 16
1.3 Measuring mixture toxicity: Implications and approaches ................................... 17
1.4 Surveying literature data ....................................................................................... 19
1.5 Approaches and objectives of this study ................................................................ 19
1.5.1 Choice of the test systems.............................................................................. 19
1.5.2 Choice of the pesticides ................................................................................. 20
1.5.3 Questions to be answered by this work ......................................................... 20
2 Material and Methods ................................................................................................. 22
2.1 Artificial pond systems........................................................................................... 22
2.1.1 General approach22
2.1.2 Single substance studies 23
2.1.3 Combined application study .......................................................................... 24
2.2 Physical and chemical water parameters.............................................................. 24
2.3 Biological sampling ............................................................................................... 25
2.3.1 Zooplankton...................................................................................................25
2.3.2 Phytoplankton................................................................................................26
2.3.3 Biomonitoring27
2.3.4 Laboratory studies..........................................................................................28
2.3.5 Macrophyte mapping.....................................................................................28
2.4 Pesticides ............................................................................................................... 28
2.4.1 Alpha-Cypermethrin (CYP)...........................................................................28
2.4.1a Technical data............................................................................................29
2.4.1b Preparation and application of the insecticide solutions............................ 29
2.4.1c Analysis of pesticide residues.................................................................... 30
2.4.2 Isoproturon (IPU)...........................................................................................30
2.4.2a Technical data30
2.4.2b Preparation and application of the herbicide solutions.............................. 30
2.4.2c 31
2.5 Statistical evaluation of data ................................................................................. 32
2.5.1 CYP residue analysis ..................................................................................... 32
2.5.2 IPU residue analysis.......................................................................................32
4

2.5.3 Biomonitoring.................................................................................................32
2.5.4 Single species tests .........................................................................................33
2.5.5 Plankton abundance data ................................................................................33
2.5.6 NEC Analysis34
2.5.7 Calculations of NOECs ..................................................................................34
2.5.8 Multivariate statistics......................................................................................35
2.5.8a Principal response curves (PRC) ................................................................35
2.5.8b Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) ..............................................35
2.5.9 BLISS independence and Index of Prediction Quality (IPQ).........................35
3 Results and discussion of the α-Cypermethrin study................................................37
3.1 Insecticide residues ................................................................................................37
3.2 Single species tests .................................................................................................37
3.3 Biomonitoring.........................................................................................................39
3.3.1 Chaoborus crystallinus...............................