Effects of high magnetic fields and hydrostatic pressure on the low-temperature density-wave state of the organic metal {α-(BEDT-TTF)_1tn2KHg(SCN)_1tn4 [alpha-(BEDT-TTF)2KHg(SCN)4] [Elektronische Ressource] / Dieter Andres

Dieter Andres

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• Publié par: technische_universitat_munchen
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2005
• Nombre de lectures: 15
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 8 Mo

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Lehrstuhl E23 fur¨ Technische Physik
Walther-Meißner-Institut fur¨ Tieftemperaturforschung
der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
Effects of High Magnetic Fields and Hydrostatic
Pressure on the Low-Temperature Density-Wave
State of the Organic Metal
α-(BEDT-TTF) KHg(SCN)2 4
Dieter Andres
Vollst¨andigerAbdruckdervonderFakultat¨ fur¨ Physik der Technischen
Universit¨at Mun¨ chen zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines
Doktors der Naturwissenschaften
genehmigten Dissertation.
Vorsitzender Univ.-Prof. Dr. M. Kleber
Prufer¨ der Dissertation
1. Univ.-Prof. Dr. R. Gross
2.f. Dr. G. Abstreiter
DieDissertationwurdeam25.11.2004beiderTechnischenUniversit¨at
Munc¨ heneingereichtunddurchdieFakult¨atfur¨ Physikam20.04.2005
angenommen.Contents
1 Introduction 1
2 Theoretical Background 5
2.1 Charge- and Spin-Density Waves (CDW, SDW) . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1.1 Density Wave Instability in Low-Dimensional Electron Systems 5
2.1.2 Competition between Different Ground States . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1.3 Density Waves in an External Magnetic Field . . . . . . . . . 10
2.2 Magnetic Quantum Oscillations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2.1 Conduction Electrons in a Magnetic Field . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2.2 The de Haas-van Alphen (dHvA) Effect. . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2.3 Reduction Factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2.4 Shubnikov-de Haas (SdH) Oscillations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.2.5 Influence of Two-Dimensionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.2.6 Magnetic Breakdown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21ii CONTENTS
2.3 Angle-dependent Magnetoresistance Oscillations . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.3.1 Quasi-One-Dimensional Electron Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.3.2 Quasi-Two-Dimensional Electron Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.4 Kohler’s Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3 The Organic Metal α-(BEDT-TTF) KHg(SCN) 292 4
3.1 Synthesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.2 Crystal Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.3 Fermi Surface and Band Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.4 The Low Temperature Ground States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.5 Effects of Hydrostatic Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4 Experiment 41
4.1 Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.1.1 Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.1.2 Magnetic Torque . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.2 Low Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.3 High Magnetic Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.3.1 Superconducting Magnets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.3.2 Resistive Magnets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.4 Hydrostatic Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48CONTENTS iii
44.4.1 He-pressure Apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
44.4.2 He-Pressure Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.4.3 Helium as a Pressure Medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.4.4 The Clamp Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.4.5 Pressure Determination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.5 Two-Axes Rotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.6 Sample Preparation and Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
5 Results and Discussion 59
5.1 The CDW Ground State under Hydrostatic Pressure . . . . . . . . . 60
5.1.1 Zero-Field Transition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.1.2 Magnetoresistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
5.1.3 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
5.2 Properties of the CDW state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
5.2.1 dHvA and SdH Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
5.2.2 SdH Effect under Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
5.2.3 Oscillation Phases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
5.2.4 Magnetic Torque within the Modulated CDW State . . . . . 91x
5.2.5 Effective Mass Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
5.3 The Re-Entrant CDW State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99iv CONTENTS
5.3.1 Stabilization of the CDW in Magnetic Field . . . . . . . . . . 99
5.3.2 Model of Field-Induced CDW Transitions . . . . . . . . . . . 104
5.3.3 Field-Induced CDW at Different Pressures . . . . . . . . . . . 110
5.3.4 Angle Dependent Magnetoresistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
5.3.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
5.4 Field-Induced CDW Transitions at High Tilt Angles . . . . . . . . . . 123
5.4.1 Magnetic Torque and Magnetoresistance at Ambient Pressure 123
5.4.2 New Quantum Phenomenon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
5.4.3 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
5.5 Charge-Density Wave versus Superconductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
5.5.1 Superconductivity under Hydrostatic Pressure . . . . . . . . . 134
5.5.2 Critical Magnetic Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
5.5.3 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
6 Summary 145
Appendix 148
Bibliography 154
Publication List 165
Acknowledgement 167Chapter 1
Introduction
Over the last few decades the studies of crystalline conducting materials based on
complex organic molecules have become a subject of intense interest in solid state
physics. Initially, this interest was to a great extent driven by a theoretical work
by Little published in 1964 [1]. He proposed conducting polymers, embedded in
a highly polarizable medium, to provide a pairing mechanism for electrons, that
may stabilize a superconducting state even above room temperature. Although this
proposal up to now could not be realized, the synthesis of various organic charge
transfer salts opened a door to a new fascinating field in solid state physics exhibit-
ing manifold reasons for a broad interest [2].
Generally, the organic molecules arrange themselves in stacks, forming conduct-
ing layers which are separated by insulating, mostly inorganic counterion layers. In
Fig. 1.1 examples of the most prominent organic molecules are depicted. Due to
the charge transfer between these planes, a strong coupling is provided, resulting
in stable crystalline materials. The layered character of the structure together with
various kinds of arrangements of the molecules within the conducting planes give
rise to very anisotropic, low-dimensional electron systems. This in turn causes a
variety of interesting properties.
On the one hand, low dimensional conducting systems are known to be unstable
with respect to the formation of various kinds of ordered ground states [2]. In the
field of organic metals virtually all possible ground states of a conducting system,
known up to date, were shown to exist. Moreover, it is known that, besides the
strong dependence of the electronic states on slight changes of the chemical com-2 Introduction
100 (TM) X2
LOC
metal
10Se (S)
SPH C
AF SDW
TMTSF (TMTTF) 1
SC
S
P ~ 5 kbarC
H
(TMTTF)PF (TMTSF)PF2 6 2 6
(TMTTF) Br (TMTSF)ClO22 2 4BEDT-TTF
Figure 1.1: Left: Organic molecules, on which the most prominent organic metals
are based: tetramethyl-tetraselenafulvalene (TMTSF),tetramethyl-tetrathiafulvalene
(TMTTF) and bis(ethylenedithio)-tetrathiafulvalene (BEDT-TTF or ET). Right: Uni-
fied phase diagram of the organic compounds (TMTTF) X and (TMTSF) X, where X2 2
stands fordifferentanions. Thearrows markthe ambientpressure positionsofthecom-
pounds written below. A variety of ground states were shown to exist: charge ordered
insulator (LOC),spin-Peierls-state (SP),antiferromagnetic insulator (AF), spin-density
wave state (SDW), and a superconducting state (SC).(From [8], [4])
positions, phase transitions may be caused by the alteration of external parameters
like temperature, magnetic field or a rather small pressure. A remarkable exam-
ple of a pressure-temperature (P-T) phase diagram of some compounds based on
the molecules TMTTF and TMTSF is depicted in Fig. 1.1. The application of
1hydrostatic pressure or the substitution of a different anion is beautifully shown
to create a variety of different ground states [3,4]. These systems therefore offer
an experimental and theoretical playground in studying already known as well as
new phenomena in fundamental solid state physics. Among the latter there are,
for instance, magnetic field-induced spin density wave (FISDW) transitions [5,2] or,
currently under investigation, magnetic field-induced superconductivity [6,7].
Another remarkable property of these low dimensional systems is the fact that
the Fermi surface in most cases turns out to be extremely simple [2,9]. The lat-
ter often reveals itself by slightly warped open sheets and/or cylinders respectively
1 since