Emissions minimization of chlorinated micropollutants in coal solid waste co-combustion by primary measures [Elektronische Ressource] / Marchela Edvart Pandelova

Pandelova

Informations

• Publié par: technische_universitat_munchen
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2004
• Nombre de lectures: 11
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 2 Mo

Extrait

Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan
für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt
Lehrstuhl für Ökologische Chemie und Umweltanalytik
der Technischen Universität Münche n



Emissions Minimization of Chlorinated Micropollutants in
-Coal Solid Waste Co Combustion
by Primary Measures


Marchela Edvart Pandelova



Vollständiger Abdruck der von der Fakultät Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für
Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt der Technischen Universität München zur Erlangung
des akademisc hen Grades eines

Doktors der Naturwissenschaften

genehmigten Dissertation.

Vorsitzender: Univ.- Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Meyer-Pittroff.
Prüfer der Dissertation:
1. Univ. - Prof. Dr. rer. nat., Dr. h. c. (RO) A. Kettrup
2. Univ.- Prof. Dr. rer. nat., Dr. agr. habil. H. Parlar
3. Priv.- Doz. Dr. rer. nat., Dr. agr. habil. K.- W. Schramm


Die Dissertation wurde am 06.07.2004 bei der Technischen Universität München eingereicht
und durch die Fakultät Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, La ndnutzung
und Umwelt am 08.11.2004 angenommen.
The practical part of the proposed work is carried out from August 2001 till August
2004 in Institute for Ecological Chemistry of GSF-Research Centre for Environmental
and Health GmbH (Neuherberg).

To all who have contributed to the successful completion of this work I would like to
warmly thank.......

... Prof. Dr. A. Kettrup for the opportunity to be member of his excellent scientific
team; for the perfect work possibility and his pleasure lead style.

... PD Dr. K.-W. Schramm for the great support and understanding during my PhD
work; for his high motivation and efficiency; for his essential tutorial influence on my
result representation skill; for the long and inspiring research discussion

… Prof. Dr. D. Lenoir for the brilliant ideas; for the great chance to be in touch with
his versatile knowledge and respectable experience

... Prof. Dr. H. Parlar for the acceptance to be reviewer of this work

.... Mr. B. Henkelmann for the carried out PCDD/F-, PCB and PCBz –measurements;
for the many answers about analytical problems that he ever clear it and never
complained

... Mrs. J. Kotalik for her friendly welcome in dioxin laboratory; for her help and kindly
tutorial during the long clean-up procedure and the pleasure atmosphere around her;
for her support in the beginning of my stay in Munich

… Mr. N. Fischer for his help during the sample preparation; for his responsiveness;
for his friendly work atmosphere

... Mrs. V. Péronnet for the fruitful collaboration in the field of “sampling” accreditation;
for her enthusiasm and motivation.

... Mrs. B. Danzer for her support and assistance during my PhD work

...my colleagues F. Jäkle, H. Hofbauer, M. Ciumasu, C. Rießbeck, N. Milanov, N.
Chahbane, M. Blumenstock, K. Fried, L. Hollosi, A. Fekete and many other
colleagues of IÖC for their friendly and helpful work atmosphere

... my parents Ani and Edi for their love, care and understanding during all my study

... my husband Stanislav for his great motivation to begin that PhD work; for his
optimism and understanding during the work; for his nice character.


II Publications connected to this work

1. M. Lebikyan; D. Lenoir; K.-W. Schramm and A. Kettrup (2002). Pattern of
thregioisomers of chlorinated biphenyls in emission samples, 22
International Symposium on Halogenated Environmental Organic
Pollutants and POPs (Dioxin 2002). Barcelona, Spain

2. D. Lenoir; K.-W. Schramm and M. Lebikyan (2002). Formation,
mechanism, and minimization of chlolrinated micropollutants (dioxins)
formed in technical incineration processes, International Workshop of
Hazardous Halo-Aromatic Pollutants. Venice, Italy .

3. V. Peronnet; M. Pandelova; A. Kettrup and K.-W. Schramm (2003).
Implementation of a quality system in a research facility, Presentation,
International Conference QA/QC in the field of emission and air quality
measurements. Praha, Czech Republic

4. M. Pandelova; K.-W. Schramm and D. Lenoir (2003). Emission
minimization in coal-solid waste co-combustion by primary measures,
thPresentation, 8 international Congress of Combustion By-Product. Umea,
Sweden.

5. M. Pandelova; D. Lenoir, A. Kettrup and K.-W. Schramm (2003). Primary
measures for reduction of PCDD/F in co-combustion of lignite coal and
thwaste:effect of various inhibitors, Presentation, 23 International
Symposium on Halogenated Environmental Organic Pollutants and POPs
(Dioxin 2003). Boston, USA

6. M. Pandelova; D. Lenoir, A. Kettrup and K.-W. Schramm (2004). Primary
mco-combustion of lignite coal and
waste:effect of various inhibitors. Environmental Science and Technology:
submitted.

7. M. Pandelova; D. Lenoir, A. Kettrup and K.-W. Schramm (2004).
Correlation between PCDD/F, PCB and PClBz in coal/waste combustion.
thInfluence of various inhibitors, 24 International Symposium on
Halogenated Environmental Organic Pollutants and POPs (Dioxin 2004).
Berlin, Germany





III
List of Abbreviations


η energy efficiency PCPh Polychlorinated phenol
[(CH ) N] P(O) hexamethylphosphoramide 3 2 3 Pdyn dynamic pressure in the duct
ωi volume part of a gas componen pg picogram
ρn density of dry flue gas under POP Persistent organic pollutant
standard conditions pst static pressure in the duct
ρn,f density of flue gas including water PVC Polyvynil chloride
2 vapor under standard conditions R Coefficient of determination
ρn,i density of a gas component under S sulfur
standard condition t ton
ρn,w standard density of water T Temperature
(NH )CO urea Cu copper 2 2
(NH ) HPO di-ammoniumhydrogenphosphate Td temperature in the duct 4 2 4
(NH ) S O ammoniumthiosulfate TEF Toxicity Equivalent factor 4 2 2 3
(NH ) SOammoniumsulfate TiO titanium (IV) oxide4 2 4 2
ρpt,f density of flue gas V velocity of the gas
Vc calculated standard sample gas flow °C Celsious degree
rate µl micro liter
Vmn;i molar standard volume Al O aluminium(III)oxide2 3
Vn measured standard sample gas flow rate CA Correspondence Analysis
Vol % Volume percentage CaClcalcium chloride 2
WHO World Health Organization Cr O chromium (III) oxide2 3
XAD-2 Adsorbent CuSO copper sulphate 4
ZrO zirconium (IV) oxide2d diameter of the nozzle
ESP Electrostatic presipitator
fn humidity of the exhaust gas
g gram
h hour
H NSO NH sulfamide2 2 2
H NSOH amidosulfonic acid 2 3
H NSOhydroxylamine-O-sulfonic acid 2 4
hPa hydro pascal
HRGC/HGMS High Resolution Gas
Chloromatography/High Resolutiuon
mass spectroscopy
HSW hazardous solid waste
ID internal diameter
I-TEQ International Toxicity Equivalent
w/w weight per weight
j number of data
3kg/m kilogram per cubic meter
L liter
m/s meter per second
mbar millibar
Mg Megagramm
min minute
Mr,i relative molecular weight of a gas
component
MSW municipal solid waste
N(CH CH OH) triethanolamine2 2 3
n.d. not detected
Na MoO ·2H O sodium molybdate dihydrate 2 4 2
Na S ·HO sodium sulfide 2 2
Na WO ·2H O sodium tungstate dihydrate 2 4 2
NaCl sodium chloride
NaVO sodium (meta) vanadate3
ng nanogram
3Nm normal cubic meter
P S phosphorus (V) sulfide 2 5
PAH Polyaromaic hydrocarbon
patm pressure in the ambient air
PCA Principal Component Analysis
PCB Polychlorinated benzene
PCBz Poly
PCDD/F Polydibenzo-p-
dioxin/furan
IV
Content
List of Abbreviations....................................................................................................IV
1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1
2 Objectives ........................................................................................................ 5
3 State of Knowledge ......................................................................................... 7
3.1 PCDD/F, PCB and PCBz.............................................................................................. 7
3.1.1. Dioxin nomenclature and properties ............................................................................ 7
3.1.2. Dioxins and public health ........................................................................................... 11
3.1.3. Dioxin emission sources ............................................................................................ 11
3.2. Formation of Dioxins...................................................................................................... 12
3.2.1. De novo synthesis 13
3.2.2. Synthesis from precursors ...................