Engineering geological rock mass characterisation of granitic gneisses based on seismic in-situ measurements [Elektronische Ressource] / Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam. Presented by Christian Klose

Christian D. Klose

Informations

• Publié par: universitat_potsdam
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2004
• Nombre de lectures: 21
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 5 Mo

Extrait

ISSN 1610-0956 DISS. ETH No. 15265, 2003
Engineering geological
rock mass characterisation
of granitic gneisses based on
seismic in-situ measurements
A dissertation submitted to the
SWISS FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ZURICH
for the degree of
Doctor of Sciences
presented by
Christian Klose
Diplom-Geologe
born 4. November 1974
citizen of Germany
Prof. Dr. Simon L¨ow (ETH Zuric¨ h), examiner
Prof. Dr. Gun¨ ter Borm (GFZ Potsdam), co-examiner
Dr. Hansruedi Maurer (ETH Zuric¨ h), co-examinerTo my parents.
Zwei Dinge sollen Kinder
von ihren Eltern bekommen:
Wurzeln und Flugel.¨
J. W. v. GoetheAcknowledgments
IwouldliketoexpressmydeepestandsincereappreciationtomythesisadvisorsProf.
Simon L¨ow and Prof. Gun¨ ter Borm. Without their continuous support, guidance, and
patiencethroughoutthe44monthsinPotsdamandZuric¨ h, thisworkwouldhavebeen
impossible.
EspeciallyIamobligedtomycolleaguesatGFZPotsdam, Dr.Rudig¨ erGiese, Peter
Otto, Silvio Mielitz, Bernd Maushake and Christian Selke for their endless efforts
performing seismic measurements of excellent quality under dangerous conditions in
the Faido tunnel.
I am grateful to Dr. Hansruedi Maurer and Prof. Wolfgang Rabbel for their helpful
suggestions, their advice, and for sharing their excellent knowledge on tomographic
imaging and shear-wave splitting.
I am greatly indebted to Dr. Corrado Fidelibus, Dr. Rudig¨ er Giese, Marcel Nau-
mann, Dr. Christiane Trela, Dr. Nathalie Van Meir, Dr. Andrew Kos, Dr. Christian
Zangerl, Dr. Keith Evans, Dr. Erik Eberhardt, Dr. Kurosch Thuro, Prof. Michael Al-
ber and Prof. Ove Stephansson for their fruitful discussions, their support, and their
efforts to improve my style writing English.
SpecialthankgoestoBirgitSch¨obelforherhelptoimprovemyfiguresinmythesis,
toKatrinWieczorekforherhelptoextracttheshear-wavedatafromtheseismograms,
andtoDr.TillPoppwhoprovidedtheresultsofthelaboratorymeasurements. Ithank
Amberg AG and Rinaldo Volpers for their help providing me with geological data of
the Faido tunnel. Last but not least, I am thankful to GFZ Potsdam and ETH Zuric¨ h
for their financial support.
iContents
Summary xv
Zusammenfassung xvii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Overview of current literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 Thesis organisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4 Field and laboratory investigations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Determination of fracture set and fabric orientations in granitic gneisses
by characterising S -wave polarisation ellipsoids 71
2.1 Introduction and objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2 Shear-wave particle motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.3 Geological settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.4 Seismic data acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.4.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.4.2 Laboratory measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.4.3 In-situ measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.5 Discussion and conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3 Classification by conventional methods 49
3.1 Introduction and objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.2 Geology of the Faido tunnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.2.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
iiiiv Contents
3.2.2 Geological rock mass properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.3 Seismic data acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.3.1 Seismic in-situ measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.3.2 Seismic data processing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.4 Relationships between geological and seismic rock mass properties . . . 66
3.4.1 Total fracture spacing s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66t
3.4.2 Uniaxial compressive strength σ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67c
3.4.3 Fracture presistence p and aperture e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.4.4 Schistosity dipping ss. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.4.5 Seismic velocities v and v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76P S
3.4.6 Poisson’s ratio ν . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
3.4.7 Shear-wave anisotropy ξ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
3.4.8 Shape measure S and shape intensity I of the S -wave polarisa-1
tion ellipsoids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
4 Classification by Self-Organising Maps SOM 83
4.1 Introduction and objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
4.2 Data acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4.2.1 Acquisition of the seismic data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4.2.2 Acquisition of the geological data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4.3 Self-Organising maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4.3.1 Theoretical background. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4.3.2 SOM interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
4.4 Observations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4.4.1 Characterisation of rock mass properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4.4.2 Characterisation of homogeneous rock mass units . . . . . . . . 98
4.5 Discussion and conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
5 Final Conclusions 107Contents v
6 References 109
A A New Clustering Method for Partitioning Directional Data 113
A.1 Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
A.2 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
A.3 Clustering of Directional Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
A.3.1 Derivation of the Clustering Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
A.3.2 Summary of the Clustering Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
A.4 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
A.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
A.6 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
B Seismic Tomograms 125