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Publié par | Thesee |
Nombre de lectures | 65 |
Langue | English |
Poids de l'ouvrage | 18 Mo |
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UNIVERSITÉ D’ORLÉANS
ÉCOLE DOCTORALE SCIENCES ET TECHNOLOGIES
LABORATOIRE ICARE-CNRS
THÈSE
présentée par :
Evgeniy ORLIK
soutenue le : 17 décembre 2009
pour obtenir le grade de : Docteur de l’université d’Orléans
Discipline/ Spécialité : PHYSIQUE
Etude du champ aérodynamique et de la
transition laminaire-turbulent sur l'avant-
corps d'un véhicule hypersonique
THÈSE dirigée par :
M. Iskender GÖKALP Directeur de Recherches, ICARE - CNRS
RAPPORTEURS :
M. Olivier CHAZOT Professeur Associé, Institut Von Karman
M. Pierre COMTE Professeur, ENSMA Poitiers
_____________________________________________________________________________________
JURY :
M. Olivier CHAZOT Professeur Associé, Institut Von Karman
M. Pierre COMTEENSMA Poitiers
M. Ivan FEDIOUN Maître de Conférences, Université d'Orléans
M. Iskender GÖKALP Directeur de Recherches, ICARE - CNRS
M. Azeddine KOURTAUniversité d'Orléans
M. Jean PERRAUD Ingénieur de Recherches, ONERA
tel-00573692, version 1 - 4 Mar 2011Acknowledgements
This thesis is a result of a collaboration between ICARE (Institute de Combustion,
A´erothermique, R´eactivit´eetEnvironnement)ofCNRSOrl´eans(UPR3021)andITAM(In-
stitute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosi-
birsk). Thanks a lot to the director of my thesis Dr. Iskender Gokalp for the opportunity
to perform this work and for his scientific advising.
I appreciate very much the help of Dr. Ivan Fedioun and Dr. Dmitry Davidenko. They
assistedmenotonlyinconductingmystudiesbutalsoinpreparingourcommonpublications
andconferencepresentations. Moreover, Iacknowledgethemfortheirkindnessandsociality
duringtheworkandrecreation. IthankDr. IvanFediounforhistimespentforproofreading
this thesis. One more thanks to Dr. Mark Ferrier, who worked on his thesis at ICARE and
developed the stability code, which I also used.
I thank Dr. Marat Goldfeld, my first advisor at ITAM, who managed my master thesis.
He taught me the basics of aerodynamic experiments. Thanks to his leading role in the
ITAM experimental team and his kind assistance in my work, the transition experiments
aresuccessful. IwanttosaysomewarmwordstothemembersofITAMteam: StarovAlexey,
Timofeev Konstantin, Zakharova Yulia, Lavrov Vladimir and Vikharev Nikolay. It was very
interesting and useful to work together with people from TsAGI: Borovoy V., Mosharov
V., and Radchenko V., who also were involved in this project and provided experimental
measurements on transition.
I am very grateful to Prof. Pierre Comte and Dr. Olivier Chazot, who reviewed this
thesis and gave me some important suggestions to improve it. I should also thank Mr. Jean
Perraud for his thorough reading and useful comments.
I am very thankful to Mr. Franc¸ois Falempin for his lively interest in the topic of my
work and for the proposed ideas.
I thank all my colleagues from ICARE, ITAM and ONERA for fruitful discussions and
agreeable conditions which surrounded me.
Imustacknowledgetheroleofmyfamilyinmydevelopmentandeducation. AndIthank
my darling wife Ekaterina for her assistance and patience.
1
tel-00573692, version 1 - 4 Mar 2011Contents
Introduction 5
1 CFD computations and linear stability analysis 13
1.1 Part I: CFD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.1.1 Description of the investigated model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.1.2 Thermodynamic and transport models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.1.3 Calculation setup and grid requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.1.4 The problem of the shock resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.1.5 Mean flow analysis and main results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1.1.6 Boundary layer thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1.2 Part II: LST. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
1.2.1 Introduction to LST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
1.2.2 Path to transition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
N1.2.3 Stability theory and the e method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
1.2.4 Stability analysis results for flight conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2 Test facilities and experimental methods for the detection of transition 47
2.1 Basic experimental methods to detect the position of transition . . . . . . . . 48
2.2 Description of wind tunnels and experimental conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3 Roughness-induced transition: bibliography and empirical criteria 56
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.2 Empirical transition criteria and experiments : bibliography . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.2.1 Some selected criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.2.2 The Hyper-X program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.2.3 The HIFiRE program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.3 Roughnesses design for the forebody in AT-303 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.3.1 Results of CFD computations in AT-303 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.3.2 Application of transition criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4 ExperimentaltransitioninwindtunnelT-313: experiments/computations 68
4.1 Experimental setup and model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
4.1.1 Description of the blow down wind tunnel T-313 . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
4.1.2 Description of the model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
4.1.3 Description of measurements by Pitot pressure rake . . . . . . . . . . 72
4.1.4 Gauges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.1.5 Flow visualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.2 Results of experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
4.3 Global characteristics and structure of the flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
2
tel-00573692, version 1 - 4 Mar 2011CONTENTS
4.4 Experimental determination of transition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
◦ ◦4.4.1 M =4, AoA=4 , β=0 , run 2913 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77∞
◦ ◦4.4.2 M =6, AoA=4 , β=0 , runs 2914 and 2915 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78∞
◦ ◦4.4.3 M =6, AoA=4 , β=2 , 2916 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80∞
4.5 Natural transition: comparison calculations/experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
4.5.1 Wind tunnel N factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
4.5.2 Comparison at M =4 : run 2913 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83∞
4.5.3 Comparison at M =6 : runs 2914 and 2915 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85∞
4.6 Summary and conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
5 ExperimentaltransitioninwindtunnelAT-303: experiments/computations 88
5.1 Description of the impulse wind tunnel AT-303 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
r5.2 FLUENT simulations of nozzles for M =6 and 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93nom
5.3 Temperature Sensitive Paints and preparation of the model . . . . . . . . . . 94
5.3.1 TSP characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
5.3.2 Preparation of the model surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
5.3.3 TSP coating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
5.4 Measurement system and experimental methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
5.4.1 The measuring system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
5.4.2 Experimental methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
5.4.3 Correction of optical errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
5.4.4 The problem of parasitic light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
5.5 Method of data processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
5.5.1 Calculation of the heat transfer coefficient and of the Stanton number 102
5.6 Results of experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
5.6.1 Parasitic light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
5.6.2 Experimental determination of natural transition . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
5.6.3 Natural transition: comparison calculations/experiments . . . . . . . . 111
5.6.4 Roughness-induced transition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
◦5.6.5 Slip angle 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
5.7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Conclusions and perspectives 120
Appendix 130
3
tel-00573692, version 1 - 4 Mar 2011Nomenclature
a = speed of sound, m/s
C , C = heat capacity at constant pressure, at constant volume, J/kg.Kp v
f = frequency, Hz
k = thermal conductivity, W/m.K
k = wave vector (real), 1/m
NN = exponent in the e method
P = pressure, Pa
T = temperature, K
t = tim