Experimental studies on the behaviour of rare earth elements and tin in granitic systems [Elektronische Ressource] / vorgelegt von Quach Duc Tin

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• Publié par: eberhard_karls_universitat_tubingen
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2007
• Nombre de lectures: 23
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 3 Mo

Extrait

Experimental studies
on the behaviour of rare earth elements
and tin in granitic systems




DISSERTATION

zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften


der Geowissenschaflichen Fakultät
der Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen



vorgelegt von


QUACH DUC TIN
aus Hanoi (Vietnam)








- 2007 -
























Tag der mündlichen Prüfung:
Dekan: Prof. Dr. Peter Grathwohl
1. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Hans Keppler
2. Berichterstatter: Priv. Doz. Dr. Wolfgang Siebel
iii

Acknowledgements

This thesis is the results of the scientific research mainly at Institute for Geosciences,
University of Tuebingen (EBERHARD-KARLS-UNIVERSITÄT TÜBINGEN). Some parts
were carried out at the University of Hannover and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in
Zürich (ETH Zürich). With a great sense of appreciation, I take the opportunity to thank those
people who have helped, supported and encouraged me along the way. I would like to thank
my colleagues and other people I had the opportunity to work with.

I am greatly indebted to my supervisor, Prof. Dr. Hans Keppler, whose comments, valuable
scientific discussions and critical ideas are highlights of various aspects of this research.
Without his financial aid, sound guidance, supervision, motivation, kindness and continual
support, this research would have not reached its present form. With his patience and
encouragement, he gave me the confidence to complete this thesis. I also highly appreciate his
support by sending me to other scientific institutions to do the research as well as solving the
financial matters related to the research. Moreover, his personal qualities, inter-personal skills
and good humor created an excellent working environment at Institute for Geosciences.

Most of this work was funded by the DFG Leibniz award of my supervisor, Prof. Hans
Keppler. In addition, the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) fellowship program
sponsored this work.

I would also like to acknowledge and extend my thanks to Dr. Andreas Audetat for his ideas
about inclusion trapping experimental set-up and for many helpful discussions and
suggestions during the course of the research. I thank him for arranging the working session
in ETH Zürich, for providing technical assistance with Laser-ablation ICP-MS and for his
patience and creativity when working with me.

My thanks and appreciation go out to all the others who helped me with scientific and
technical aspects of this project, including PD. Dr. Thomas Wenzel for teaching and
providing me technical assistance in working with electron microprobe (JEOL 8900), Dr.
Christoph Berthold for helping me to carry out X-ray diffraction analysis, Prof. Detlef
Günther and Kathrin Hametner for arranging the LA- ICP-MS analysis in ETH, Zurich, Prof.
Marcus Nowak for arranging the experiments at Hannover University and Mr. Norbert iv

Walker for his assistance in maintaining the high temperature and pressure vessels system in
the lab.

Great appreciation is given to my colleagues and friends in the Institute for Geosciences, who
were always willingly to discuss and never hesitated to help me out in whatever way they
could. To name a few, Mrs. Dagmar Dimitrovice, Dr. Katrin Mierdel, Dr. Nguyen Thi Bich
Thuy, Dr. Bernd Binder, Dr. Johannes Baier, Dr. Syvatoslav Shcheka, Dr. Udo Neumann,
Dipl. Volker Presser, Dr. Baldorj Baatartsogt, Dr. Michael Dorn, Dr. Giovanna Laudisio, Mr.
Gregor Seidel, Mr. Alexander Konschak, Dr. Michael Marks, Dr. Martin O’Connell, Miss.
Jasmin Koehler, Miss. Gesa Graser, Mr. Thomas Krumrei and all my friends in the institute.

Last but not least, I would like to express special thanks to my parent, sisters, brothers, my
wife and daughter, who all supported and encouraged me in pursuing my study. Without them
a little could have been achieved. They make my life filled with love and happiness.

v

Table of contents

Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................ iii
Table of contents ..................................................................................................................................v
List of figures ................................................................................................................................... viii
List of tables .......................................................................................................................................xv
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ xviii
Zusammenfassung.............................................................................................................................xxi
Part I: Monazite and xenotime solubility in haplogranitic melts.......................................2
1. Introduction.............................................................................................................................3
1.1. General geochemistry of rare earth elements ...........................................................................3
1.2. The abundances of lanthanides in various reservoirs ...............................................................5
1.3. REE in the mantle .....................................................................................................................8
1.4. The oxidation state of REE in geological systems .................................................................10
1.5. Rare earth elements in basaltic systems..................................................................................11
1.5.1. Partition coefficient.................................................................................................................11
1.5.2. REE in different basaltic setting .............................................................................................12
1.6. REE partition coefficient patterns for some major basaltic minerals .....................................14
1.6.1. Olivine ....................................................................................................................................14
1.6.2. Clinopyroxene.........................................................................................................................15
1.6.3. Orthopyroxene ........................................................................................................................16
1.6.4. Garnet......................................................................................................................................17
1.6.5. Plagioclase ..............................................................................................................................18
1.7. Rare earth elements in granitic systems..................................................................................19
1.7.1. Distribution of REE in granitic rocks .....................................................................................19 vi

1.7.2. Crystal structure of monazite and xenotime ...........................................................................20
1.7.3. Monazite and xenotime solubility in granitic melts................................................................22
1.8. Lanthanide tetrad effect ..........................................................................................................26
2. Experimental procedures and methods ..............................................................................29
2.1. Starting materials and preparation of sample capsules...........................................................29
2.1.1. Synthesis of glasses ................................................................................................................29
2.1.2. Hydrothermal growth of monazite and xenotime...................................................................33
2.1.3. Preparation of sample capsules for monazite and xenotime solubility experiments ..............36
2.2. High pressure apparatus and technique...................................................................................37
2.2.1. Cold seal systems (CSS) .........................................................................................................37
2.2.2. Internally heated pressure vessels (IHPV)..............................................................................40
2.3. Investigation of run products ..................................................................................................40
2.3.1. Electron Microprobe Analyses (EMPA).................................................................................40
2.3.2. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD)............................................................................................42
2.3.3. Near Infrared (FTIR) measurement of hydrous glasses..........................