Forest rehabilitation under current landuse conditions in Northern Shaanxi, P.R. China [Elektronische Ressource] : ecological and socioeconomic perspectives / Ulrich Schmitt

Ulrich Schmitt

Informations

• Publié par: technische_universitat_munchen
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2004
• Nombre de lectures: 37
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 8 Mo

Extrait

Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt –
Department für Ökologie, Fachgebiet Geobotanik



Forest Rehabilitation under Current Landuse Conditions
in Northern Shaanxi, P.R. China
Ecological and Socioeconomic Perspectives




Ulrich Schmitt




Vollständiger Abdruck der von der Fakultät Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für
Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt der Technischen Universität München
zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften
(Dr. rer. nat.) genehmigten Dissertation.




Vorsitzender: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Reinhard Mosandl

Prüfer der Dissertation:

1. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Anton Fischer
2. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Michael Suda
3. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Ulrich Ammer, em.




Die Dissertation wurde am 5. November 2003 bei der Technischen Universität München
eingereicht und durch die Fakultät Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung,
Landnutzung und Umwelt am 1. April 2004 angenommen.








































The wonderful loess lands, which cover much of Kansu, Shensi, Ninghsia, and Shansi provinces, ac-
count for the marvelous fertility of these regions (when there is rainfall), for the loess furnishes an in-
exhaustible porous topsoil tens of feet deep. Geologists think the loess is organic matter blown down
in centuries past from Mongolia and from the west by the great winds that rise in Central Asia. Sceni-
cally the result is an infinite variety of queer, embattled shapes—hills like great castles, like rows of
mammoth, nicely rounded scones, like ranges torn by some giant hand, leaving behind the imprint of
angry fingers. Fantastic, incredible, and sometimes frightening shapes, a world configurated by a mad
god—and sometimes a world also of strange surrealist beauty.

—Edgar Snow, Red Star Over China

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ....................................................................................................... 7
1. INTRODUCTION AND RESEARCH OBJECTIVES..................................................... 8
2. THE CENTRAL CHINA LOESS PLATEAU................................................................. 10
2.1 GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION ............................................................................................. 10
2.2 GEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS..................................................................................... 11
2.2.1 Sources and Formation Process of Loess ............................................................... 11
2.2.2 General Properties of Loess.................................................................................... 12
2.2.3 Loess Deposition History ........................................................................................ 13
2.2.4 New Loess and Agricultural Production................................................................. 13
2.3 CLIMATE ......................................................................................................................... 14
2.3.1 General Conditions ................................................................................................. 14
2.3.2 Temperature ............................................................................................................ 14
2.3.3 Vegetation Period.................................................................................................... 16
2.3.4 Precipitation and Evaporation................................................................................ 16
2.3.5 Other Climatic Features.......................................................................................... 18
2.4 VEGETATION ZONES AND SPECIES DISTRIBUTION........................................................... 18
2.4.1 General Observations ............................................................................................. 18
2.4.2 Warm Temperate Broadleaved Deciduous Forests ................................................ 19
2.4.3 Warm Temperate Forests and Grasslands.............................................................. 20
2.4.4 Warm Temperate Typical Grasslands..................................................................... 20
2.4.5 Warm Temperate Desert Grasslands ...................................................................... 21
2.4.6 Warm Temperate Deserts........................................................................................ 21
2.4.7 Vertical Vegetation Zones ....................................................................................... 22
3. OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH AND LITERATURE .................................................... 23
3.1 ORGANIZATION OF ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH................................................................... 23
3.2 REVIEW OF CHINESE SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE ................................................................ 23
3.2.2 Vegetation Studies................................................................................................... 24
3.2.3 Vegetation Cover, Hydrological Cycles, Erosion and Sedimentation .................... 25
3.2.4 Environmental Rehabilitation and Vegetation Restoration .................................... 28
4. GEO-MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STUDY AREA............ 30
4.1 SHAANXI PROVINCE ........................................................................................................ 30
4.1.1 General Overview 30
4.1.2 The Wei River Plain (Guanzhong Plain)................................................................. 30
4.1.3 The Central Tableland ............................................................................................ 31
4.1.4 The Loess Hills 32
4.2 YAN’AN PREFECTURE ..................................................................................................... 32
5. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS........................................................................ 34
5.1 DATA COLLECTION – VEGETATION................................................................................. 34
5.1.1 General Approach................................................................................................... 34
5.1.2 Site Parameters ....................................................................................................... 36 5.1.2.1 Slope Aspect (Exposition), Slope Degree, Relief ............................................ 36
5.1.2.2 Elevation – Vertical Precipitation and Temperature Gradients ....................... 37
5.1.2.3 Soil Parameters................................................................................................. 38
5.1.2.4 Life Forms ........................................................................................................ 39
5.1.2.5 Human Site Factors .......................................................................................... 40
5.2 VEGETATION DATA ANALYSIS........................................................................................ 40
5.2.1 Multivariate Methods .............................................................................................. 40
5.2.1.1 General Characteristics .................................................................................... 40
5.2.1.2 Properties of Vegetation Data .......................................................................... 41
5.2.1.3 Elimination of Outliers and Rare Species ........................................................ 42
5.2.1.4 Data Transformation 42
5.2.2 Ordination – Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA)..................................... 42
5.2.3 Analysis of Environmental Site Parameters............................................................ 45
5.2.4 Classification – Two-Way Indicator Species Analysis (TWINSPAN) ..................... 45
5.2.5 Hypothesis Generation and Statistical Testing (Analysis of Variance) .................. 46
5.3 DATA COLLECTION – SOCIO-ECONOMY .......................................................................... 46
5.3.1 Study Design and Amount of Data Generated ........................................................ 46
5.3.2 Methodology............................................................................................................ 48
5.4 SOCIOECONOMIC ANALYSIS............................................................................................ 50
6. VEGETATION AND ECOLOGICAL SITE CONDITIONS IN YAN’AN ................. 51
6.1 FOREST VEGETATION OF NAN NIWAN............................................................................. 51
6.1.1 Ordination Results................................................................................................... 51
6.1.2 Classification Results .............................................................................................. 57
6.1.3 Statistical Significance: Site Parameters and Species Distribution........................ 61
6.1.4 The Forest Types and Communities of Nan Niwan................................................. 63
6.1.4.1 The Mesic