Functions and selection criteria for a llama population in the Bolivian Andes [Elektronische Ressource] / presented by André Markemann

Markemann

Informations

• Publié par: universitat_hohenheim
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 28
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

Institute of Animal Production in the Tropics and Subtropics

FUNCTIONS AND SELECTION CRITERIA
FOR A LLAMA POPULATION
IN THE BOLIVIAN ANDES




André Markemann _____________________________________________________________________
UNIVERSITÄT HOHENHEIM
Faculty of Agricultural Sciences
Institute of Animal Production in the Tropics and Subtropics
Section of Animal Breeding and Husbandry in the Tropics and Subtropics
Prof. Dr. Anne Valle Zárate
FUNCTIONS AND SELECTION CRITERIA FOR A LLAMA
POPULATION IN THE BOLIVIAN ANDES
Dissertation
submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree “Doktor der Agrarwissenschaften”
(Dr.sc.agr./Ph.D. in Agricultural Sciences)
to the
Faculty of Agricultural Sciences
presented by
André Markemann
born in Wipperfürth
Stuttgart-Hohenheim, 2010
_____________________________________________________________________

This thesis was accepted as a doctoral dissertation in fulfilment of the requirements
for the degree "Doktor der Agrarwissenschaften” by the Faculty of Agricultural
Sciences at Universität Hohenheim on 9 April.2010.



Date of oral examination: 22 June 2010




Examination Committee
Supervisor and Reviewer Prof. Dr. Anne Valle Zárate
Co-Reviewer Prof. Dr. Hans-Peter Piepho
Additional Examiner Prof. Dr. Michael Grashorn
Vice-Dean and Head of the Committee Prof. Dr. Andreas Fangmeier
_____________________________________________________________________
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Numerous people have directly or indirectly contributed to the initiation, the
realisation and the successful finalisation of this thesis. I would like to take the
opportunity at this point to express my sincere thanks to all of them.
First, I would like to thank my major supervisor Prof. Dr. Anne Valle Zárate for
giving me the opportunity to carry out and complete this research work. Apart from
her support and guidance throughout the entire study period, her trust, belief and
confidence in me have not only given me the chance to design and develop my own
individual work in an astonishing environment with amazing people, but have also
continuously sustained and uphold my own faith and persistency to complete this
achievement. I equally want to thank her for having learned many things that will
accompany my future path of life, not only in career terms. I also wish to
acknowledge my co-supervisor Dr. Marianna Siegmund-Schultze for her involvement,
her thoughtful suggestions and discussions towards achieving the goals of my work at
various stages of my study period. Furthermore, I am indebted to Prof. Dr. Hans-Peter
Piepho for his willingness to help with any statistical problem at any time. I also thank
him for agreeing to be a reviewer of my dissertation.
Some other current and former colleagues of the Institute for Animal Breeding and
Husbandry in the Tropics and Subtropics have played a positive role for this
achievement in one way or the other. My appreciation for this goes out to Dr. Pera
Herold, Dr. Regina Roessler, Dr. Thomas Rewe, Dr. Le Thi Thanh Huyen, Dr. Nils
Teufel, Dr. Javier Delgado, Dr. Michaela Nürnberg and in particular Dr. Ute Lemke,
for her friendship. The correction of the Spanish summary by Dr. Javier Delgado is
gratefully acknowledged.
Moreover, I thank Dr. Kerstin Zander for her unremitting support in data analysis and
Dr. Marcus C. Nagle for his professional editing.
I gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by the German Academic
Exchange Service (DAAD) that enabled my field work in Bolivia. In this context my
deep gratitude is to Dr. Angelika Stemmer for her unconditional collaboration and
excellent logistic coordination and organisation. I owe a special appreciation to the
_____________________________________________________________________
NGO ASAR (Asociación de Servicios Artesanales y Rurales) and their executive
director at that time, Juan Demeure, for their committed logistic support in organising
my studies in the communities of the Ayopaya region. My special thanks go to Ing.
Omar Tórrez.
Everything that is demonstrated and described, evaluated and displayed, analysed,
recommended and concluded in this thesis would never have been conveyed without
the farmers of Cajas-Calientes, Milluni, Putucuni, Huayllas, Lagunas, Pulchentas, and
Escalerani. The numerous people of those communities and their animals are part and
parcel of this work and I send them my most sincere respect and best wishes.
I owe a great deal of gratitude to my friends. They are my “family by heart” in every
sense of the word and they are the true backbone of my life. Without them, this
dissertation would not have been completed. For their inestimable support,
encouragement and understanding, I may pass special thanks to my beloved friends
Ingo and Christoph. Further I would like to thank Alexa, Yonis, Oli, Kathrin, Sandra,
Sâsa, Klaus and Käthe, Fränze and Dennis, Martina and Jörg, Michl and Hanna,
Marco, Hannah, Sara, Frank and Heide, Sonja and Luis, Alessandro, Sarah, Vivian,
Ariel and Isabel.
I am very much indebted to my beloved mother for her invaluable care and patience.
Many thanks to my fabulous wife, Nastya. You are my true wonder.
_____________________________________________________________________
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of contents……………………………………………………………………...iii
List of figures………………………………………………………………………....vi
List of tables…………………………………………………………………………..vi
List of abbreviations………………………………………………………………….vii

1 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................1
1.1 Background and research objective ...............................................................1
1.2 Positioning of the study .................................................................................4
1.3 Structure of the thesis.....................................................................................6
2 STATED PREFERENCES OF LLAMA KEEPING FUNCTIONS IN BOLIVIA ..................7
2.1 Abstract..........................................................................................................8
2.2 Introduction....................................................................................................9
2.3 Materials and methods .................................................................................10
2.3.1 Study area.............................................................................................10
2.3.2 Data collection .....................................................................................11
2.3.3 Study material ......................................................................................11
2.3.4 Statistical analysis................................................................................11
2.4 Results..........................................................................................................12
2.4.1 Frequencies of llama keeping functions ..............................................12
2.4.2 Preference rankings within and between gender groups......................14
2.4.3 Preference rankings within and between community provenance.......15
2.5 Discussion....................................................................................................17
2.6 Conclusions..................................................................................................22
2.7 Acknowledgements......................................................................................22
2.8 References....................................................................................................22
3 TRADITIONAL LLAMA HUSBANDRY AND BREEDING MANAGEMENT IN THE
AYOPAYA REGION, BOLIVIA ...............................................................................28
3.1 Abstract........................................................................................................29
3.2 Introduction..................................................................................................29
i _____________________________________________________________________
3.3 Material and Methods ..................................................................................31
3.4 Results..........................................................................................................32
3.4.1 Herd size and herd management..........................................................32
3.4.2 Selection and productive life ...............................................................33
3.4.3 Selection criteria of male and female llamas .......................................35
3.5 Discussion....................................................................................................38
3.6 Conclusions..................................................................................................42
3.7 Acknowledgements......................................................................................42
3.8 References....................................................................................................43
4 ESTIMATION OF FARM