Heterologous production, characterization and isolation of selected G protein-coupled receptors for structural studies [Elektronische Ressource] / von Arun Kumar Shukla

Sujets

• Biologie

Informations

• Publié par: goethe_universitat_frankfurt_am_main
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2006
• Nombre de lectures: 34
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 4 Mo

Extrait

Heterologous Production, Characterization and
Isolation of Selected G Protein-Coupled Receptors
for Structural Studies



Dissertation

zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften

vorgelegt beim Fachbereich Biochemische, Chemische und Pharmazeutische

Wissenschaften der Johann Wolfgang Goethe – Universität

in Frankfurt am Main




von

Arun Kumar Shukla
aus Kushinagar
Indien


Frankfurt am Main
2005
















Vom Fachbereich Biochemische, Chemische und Pharmazeutische Wissenschaften
der Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität als Dissertation angenommen.


Dekan: Prof. Harald Schwalbe
Erster Gutachter: Prof. Dieter Steinhilber
Zweiter Gutachter: Prof. Hartmut Michel
Datum der Disputation: Table of Contents
Page
Summary 1
1. Introduction

1.1 G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) 5
1.2 GPCR classification 6
1.3 activation 7
1.4 GPCR desensitization and internalization 10
1.5 GPCR dimerization 10
1.6 Structural studies on GPCRs 12
1.6.1 Biophysical approach
1.6.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) studies on GPCRs 13
1.6.2.1 Solid-state NMR 13
1.6.3 Three-dimensional crystallization trials 15
1.7 Renin-Angiotensin-Kinin system 16
1.7.1 Kinins and their receptors 16
1.7.1.1 Bradykinin receptor (BR) 18 2
1.7.1.2 Ligand binding region of BR 18 2
1.7.1.3 Post-translational modifications of BR 19 2
1.7.1.4 BR interactome 20 2
1.7.2 Angiotensin II and its receptors 21
1.7.2.1 Angiotensin II type 1a receptor (AT R) 21 1a
1.7.2.2 Ligand binding region of ATR 22 1a
1.7.2.3 Post-translational modifications of AT R 23 1a
1.7.2.4 ATR interactome 23 1a
1.8 Neuromedin U and its receptors 24
1.8.1 Neuromedin U subtype 2 receptor (NmUR) 25 2
1.8.2 Signalling pathways of NmUR 25 2
1.8.3 Post-translational modifications and interactome 26
1.9 Heterologous expression systems for GPCRs 26 1.9.1 Escherchia coli (E. coli) expression system 26
1.9.2 Pichia pastoris expression system 27
1.9.3 Baculovirus expression system 28
1.9.4. Semliki Forest Virus (SFV) expression system 29
1.10 Aim of the project 31
1.10.1 Production, characterization and isolation of GPCRs 31
1.10.2 Structural characterization of GPCRs 31
1.10.3 Interaction of GPCRs with their binding partners 31

2. Materials and Methods

2.1 Materials
2.1.1 General chemicals 33
2.1.2 Radioactive 34
2.1.3 Detergents 34
2.1.4 Protease inhibitors 35
2.1.5 Chromatography matrices 35
2.1.6 Enzymes 36
2.1.7 Antibodies
2.1.8 Kits 36
2.1.9 DNA and protein markers 36
2.1.10 Buffers solutions 37
2.1.10.1 Buffers for purification 39
2.1.11 E. coli strain and culture medium 40
2.1.12 Pichia pastoris strain and culture medium 42
2.1.13 Insect cell lines and culture media 42
2.1.14 Mammalian cell lines and culture media 42
2.1.15 General apparatus 43
2.1.16 Centrifuges 43
2.1.17 Filters and membranes 43
2.1.18 Primers
2.2 Methods
2.2.1 E. coli cultivation and competent cell preparation 45
2.2.2 DNA isolation and transformation 45
2.2.3 Restriction digestion and ligation of DNA 46
2.2.4 Pichia culture an 46
2.2.5 Clone selection and expression in Pichia pastoris 46
2.2.6 Insect cell culture
2.2.6.1 Transfection 47
2.2.6.2 Plaque assay
2.2.6.3 Virus stock and titre determination 47
2.2.6.4 Protein expression in insect cells 48
2.2.7 Mammalian cell culture
2.2.7.1 In vitro transcription 48
2.2.7.2 Electroporation of mRNA into Baby 48
Hamster Kidney (BHK) cells
2.2.7.3 Collection and activation of virus 49
2.2.7.4 Protein expression in mammalian cells 49
2.2.8 Membrane preparation from Pichia pastoris
2.2.8.1 Analytical scale 49
2.2.8.2 Preparative 50
2.2.9 Membrane preparation from insect cells and 50
mammalian cells
2.2.10 Determination of protein concentration 51
2.2.11 SDS-PAGE analysis 51
2.2.12 Western blot analysis
2.2.13 Radioligand binding analysis
2.2.13.1 On membranes 52
2.2.13.2 On solubilized and purified receptors 52
2.2.14 G protein coupling assay 53
2.2.15 Localization of recombinant receptors
2.2.15.1 Confocal microscopy 53
2.2.15.2 Electron 54
2.2.16 Solubilization of receptors 55
2.2.17 Purification receptors
2.2.17.1 Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography 55
2.2.17.2 Purification via monomeric avidin 55
2.2.17.3 Purification via anti-Flag antibody matrix 56
2.2.17.4 Purification via streptactin matrix 56
2.2.18 Concentration of proteins after purification 56
2.2.19 Coomassie and silver staining of proteins 56
2.2.20 Analytical gel filtration 57
2.2.21 Sample preparation for solid-state NMR analysis 57
2.2.22 Three-dimensional crystallization trials 57

3. Production, characterization and isolation of B R 2

3.1 Production and isolation of B R from Pichia pastoris 59 2
3.1.1 Sub-cloning of B R gene in Pichia expression vector 59 2
3.1.2 Expression construct 59
3.1.3 Production of recombinant receptor
3.1.3.1 Western blot analysis 60
3 3.1.3.2 [ H] bradykinin binding analysis 61
3.1.4 Optimization of functional expression of BR 62 2
3.1.5 Glycosylation analysis 63
3.1.6 Solubilization of recombinant BR 64 2
3.1.7 Purification of recombinant BR 5 2
3.2 Production and isolation of B R from insect cells 2

3.2.1 Sub-cloning of B R gene in the baculovirus vectors 67 2
3.2.2 Expression constructs 67

3.2.3 Production of recombinant receptor
3.2.3.1 Western blot analysis 69
3 3.2.3.2 [H] bradykinin binding
3.2.4 Optimization of functional expression of BR 71 2
3.2.5 Glycosylation analysis 71
3.2.6 Localization of recombinant BR 2
3.2.6.1 Immunogold labeling experiment 73
3.2.6.2 Confocal microscopy 75
3.2.7 Large-scale production of recombinant BR 75 2
3.2.8 Solubilization and purification of recombinant BR 77 2
3.2.8.1 Purification of recombinant B R via Ni-NTA 77 2
and monomeric avidin columns
3.2.8.2 Purification of recombinant B R via Ni-NTA 77 2
and anti-Flag antibody matrix
3.2.8.3 Identification of the 65 kDa band 79
3.3 Production and isolation of B R from mammalian cells 2
3.3.1 Sub-cloning of B R gene in SFV expression vectors 80 2
3.3.2 Expression constructs 81
3.3.3 Production of recombinant receptor 82
3.3.3.1 Comparison of different construct for BR 82 2
production in BHK cells
3.3.3.2 Western blot analysis 83
3 3.3.3.3 [H] bradykinin binding 83
3.3.4 Optimization of functional expression of BR 2
3.3.4.1 Adherent vs. suspension culture 84
3.3.4.2 Time scale of B R expression in BHK cells 85 2
3.3.4.3 Effect of Dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) 85
on B R expression 2
3.3.4.4 Effect of cell type on B R expression 86 2
3.3.5 Glycosylation analysis 86 3.3.6 Localization of recombinant BR 2
3.3.6.1 Immunogold labeling experiment 87
3.3.6.2 Confocal microscopy 89
3.3.7 G protein coupling assay for recombinant BR 89 2
3.3.8 Solubilization and purification of BR 90 2
3.3.9 Stability analysis of purified BR 92 2

4. Structural studies with B R 2

4.1 Solid-state NMR analysis of bradykinin bound to BR 94 2
4.1.1 Sample preparation (peptide and receptor)
134.1.2 C Cross-polarization (CP) spectrum of lyophilized 95
bradykinin
4.1.3 Two-dimensional single quantum/double quantum 96
13 C NMR spectrum
4.1.4 Comparison of 1-dimensional spectra of bradykinin 96
in different states
4.1.5 Reducing the measurement time 98
4.1.5.1 Receptor aggregation at high concentration 98
4.1.5.2 Effect of temperature on signal/noise ratio 99
13 154.1.6 Two-dimensional spectrum of C/ N bradykinin 100
bound to B R 2
4.2 Three-dimensional crystallization trials of BR 100 2
4.3 Interaction of B R with β-arrestin 101 2

5. Production, characterization and isolation of AT R 1a

5.1 Production and isolation of AT R from Pichia pastoris 104 1a
5.1.1 Sub-cloning of AT R gene in Pichia expression vector 104 1a
5.1.2 Expression construct 104
5.1.3 Production of recombinant receptor 105
5.1.3.1 Western blot analysis 105
3 5.1.3.2 [ H] angiotensin II binding 105
5.1.4 Optimization of functional expression of ATR 107 1a
5.1.5 Glycosylation analysis 108
5.1.6 Solubilization of recombinant ATR 109 1a
5.1.7 Purification of recombinant ATR 1a
5.1.7.1 Purification via Ni-