I can speak German - und Deutsch [Elektronische Ressource] : the development and use of code switching among simultaneous and successive English German bilingual children / vorgelegt von Esther Albrecht, geb. Liebner

Esther Chamberlain

Sujets

• Psychologie
• Deutsch

Informations

• Publié par: albert-ludwigs-universitat_freiburg
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2005
• Nombre de lectures: 26
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

“I can speak German - und Deutsch”
The Development and Use of Code-Switching among Simultaneous
and Successive English-German Bilingual Children




Inaugural-Dissertation
zur
Erlangung der Doktorwürde
der Philologischen Fakultät
der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität
Freiburg i. Br.





vorgelegt von

Esther Albrecht, geb. Liebner
aus Hannover


WS 2003/2004
























Erstgutachterin: Prof. Dr. Brigitte Halford
Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Bernd Kortmann
Drittgutachter: Prof. Dr. Peter Auer

Vorsitzende des Promotionsausschusses
der Gemeinsamen Kommission der
Philologischen, Philosophischen und Wirtschafts-
und Verhaltenswissenschaftlichen Fakultät: Prof. Dr. Elisabeth Cheauré

Datum der Fachprüfung im Promotionsfach: 09.07.2004 CONTENTS

List of Figures vi
List of Tables vii
Acknowledgements ix



O. INTRODUCTION 1

0.1 Introduction 1
0.2 Overview 3
1. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 6
1.1 Bilingual Language Acquisition 6
1.1.1 Bilingualism 6
1.1.1.1 Definition and research areas 6
1.1.1.2 Types 7
1.1.1.3 Degree 8
1.1.1.4 Factors influencing bilingualism 9
1.1.1.5 Bilingualism and Intelligence and Cognition 10
1.1.2 Becoming and Staying Bilingual 11
1.1.3 Language Acquisition 13
1.1.3.1 Bilingual First Language Acquisition 14
1.1.3.2 Successive Language Acquisition 15
1.1.3.3 One or Two Language Systems? 18
1.1.3.4 Language Input 21
1.2 Code-Switching 23
1.2.1 History to the Study of Code-Switching 24
1.2.2 Language Contact Phenomena 25
1.2.2.1 Code-Mixing and Code-Switching 25
1.2.2.2 Borrowing 27
1.2.2.3 Interference 28
1.2.3 Grammatical Aspects to the Study of Code-Switching 29
1.2.3.1 Constraints 30
1.2.3.2 The Matrix Language 33
1.2.3.3 Code-Switching Types 34
1.2.4 Neuro- and Psycholinguistic Aspects of Code-Switching 35
1.2.4.1 Lateralisation and Storing 35
1.2.4.2 Switching Mechanisms 37
1.2.4.3 Triggering 38
1.2.5 Sociolinguistic Aspects of Code-Switching 39
1.2.5.1 Code-Switchers 39
1.2.5.2 Attitudes towards Code-Switching 41
1.2.5.3 Language Choice 42
1.2.5.4 Reasons for Code-Switching 43
1.2.6 Pragmatic Aspects of Code-Switching 46
1.2.6.1 Functions of Code-Switching 46
1.2.6.2 Conversational Code-Alternation 50
1.2.7 Comprehensive Approaches to Code-Switching 52
1.3 Summary 53
iii2. THE USE OF CODE-SWITCHING IN FORMER CASE-STUDIES 54
2.1 Previous Studies 54
2.1.1 Simultaneous Studies 54
2.1.1.1 Leopold (1939, 1947, 1949, 1949) 55
2.1.1.2 Volterra and Taeschner (1978), Taeschner (1983) 57
2.1.1.3 Saunders (1982-88) 58
2.1.1.4 Kielhöfer and Jonekeit (1993, first published 1983) 61
2.1.1.5 DUFDE 63
2.1.1.6 Führer-Nicod (1994) 65
2.1.1.7 Other studies 66
2.1.1.8 Summation of simultaneous studies 72
2.1.2 Successive Studies 74
2.1.2.1 Kenyeres (1938) 74
2.1.2.2 Fantini (1975, 1978) 75
2.1.2.3 Felix (1978) 76
2.1.2.4 Wenzel (2000) 77
2.1.2.5 Other studies 78
2.1.2.6 Summation of successive studies 80
2.1.3 Growing up in a Bilingual Community 81
2.1.3.1 Huerta (1977) 81
2.1.3.2 McClure and Wentz (1975) 81
2.2 Existing Theories 84
2.2.1 Acquisition sequence by McClure and Wentz 84
2.2.2 The DUFDE project 87
2.3 Summary 89
3. CASE-STUDY 91
3.1 Data Collection 91
3.1.1 Informants 91
3.1.2 Data Type 94
3.1.3 Questionnaires 95
3.2 Data Analysis 96
3.2.1 Transcriptions 96
3.2.2 Language Competence and Dominance 96
3.2.2.1 Mean Length of Utterance 97
3.2.2.2 Index of Productive Syntax 98
3.2.2.3 Other Methods of Assessing Language Competence and Dominance 99
3.2.3 Mixing and Switching 100
3.3 Limitations to the Analysis 102
3.3.1 Diversity among Informants 102
3.3.1.1 Similarities and Differences 102
3.3.1.2 Character Differences 103
3.3.2 Data Corpus 104
3.3.3 Method 104
3.4 Participants 105
3.4.1 Leah and Tessa 105
3.4.2 Fiona and Neeve 112
3.4.3 Hannes and Peter 118
3.4.4 Daniel and Faye 126
3.4.5 Paula and Lucy 134
3.4.6 Johannes and Jacob 144
iv 3.4.7 Lena and Kai 152
3.4.8 Jan 158
3.4.9 Anna 163
3.4.10 Lara 165
3.4.11 Lou 168
3.5 Summary 174
4. MIXING AND CODE-SWITCHING 175
4.1 Discussion of Results 175
4.1.1 Mixing in Bilingual Children 175
4.1.1.1 Discussion 175
4.1.1.2 Summary 184
4.1.2 Code-Switching in Bilingual Children 185
4.1.2.1 Code-Switching Functions 186
4.1.2.2 First Occurrence of Code-Switching Functions 188
4.1.2.3 Frequency of Code-Switching 191
4.1.2.4 Simultaneous and Successive Bilinguals 200
4.1.3 Summary 210
4.2 Evaluation of Different Code-Switching Acquisition Sequences 210
4.3 The acquisition of code-switching 216
5. Conclusion 218
Bibliography 225
Appendices 234
A. CHARTS 234
B. TABLES 241
C. GENERAL NOTES FOR THE TRANSCRIPTIONS 244
D. ABBREVIATIONS 245
E. BACKGROUND INFORMATION 246
F. CONSENT FORM 251



v FIGURES

2.1 Stylistic code-switching functions by McClure (1977) 86
2.2 Functions of code-switching for Ivar (Köppe/Meisel, 1995) 87
2.3 Functions of code-switching for Annika (Köppe/Meisel, 1995) 87
2.4 Code-switching functions and their first occurrence (DUFDE study) 88
4.1 Mixing rates in relation to age 179
4.2 Mixing rates in relation to age in dominant and non-dominant language settings 180
4.3 Code-switching functions and their usage range 190
4.4 Distribution of skill-related and stylistic code-switching functions 194
4.5 Distribution of individual skill-related and stylistic code-switching functions 194
4.6 Distribution of skill-related code-switching functions among simultaneous and
successive speakers 206
4.7 Distribution of stylistic code-switching functions among simultaneous and
successive speakers 208

Figure I MLU Faye 234
Figure II MLU Jacob 234
Figure III MLU Jan 235
Figure IV MLU Johannes 235
Figure V MLU Kai 235
Figure VI MLU Lara 236
Figure VII MLU Leah 236
Figure VIII MLU Lou 236
Figure IX MLU Lucy 237
Figure X MLU Neeve 237
Figure XI MLU Peter 237
Figure XII MLU Tessa 238
Figure XIII IPSyn Jacob 238
Figure XIV IPSyn Kai 238
Figure XV IPSyn Lara 239
Figure XVI IPSyn Leah 239
Figure XVII IPSyn Lucy 239
Figure XVIII IPSyn Peter 240
Figure XIX IPSyn Tessa 240
vi TABLES

Table 2.1 Case-studies on simultaneous bilingual language acquisition 71-72
Table 2.2 Code-switching functions in studies on simultaneous bilingual children 73
Table 2.3 Case-studies on successive bilingual language acquisition 79-80
Table 2.4 Code-switching functions in studies on successive bilingual children 80
Table 3.1 Brown’s stages of language development, MLU range, age range 97
Table 3.2 Relation of age and MLU and IPSyn 98
Table 3.3 Similarities and differences in informants’ background 102
Table 3.4 Overview of recordings of Leah and Tessa 107
Table 3.5 Overview of recordings of Fiona and Neeve 114
Table 3.6 Overview of recordings of Hannes and Peter 121
Table 3.7 Overview of recordings of Daniel and Faye 128
Table 3.8 Overview of recordings of Paula and Lucy 136-137
Table 3.9 Overview of recordings of Johannes and Jacob 146
Table 3.10 Overview of recordings of Lena and Kai 154
Table 3.11 Overview of recordings of Jan 160
Table 3.12 Overview of recordings of Anna 164
Table 3.13 Overview of recordings of Lara 166
Table 3.14 Overview of recordings of Lou 170
Table 4.1 Average mixing rates in relation to time of L2 exposure 177
Table 4.2 Average mixing rates in relation to manner of L2 acquisiti