Ideal commonwealths; Plutarch's Lycurgus More's Utopia, Bacon's New Atlantis, Campanella's City of the sun and a fragment of Hall's Mundus alter et idem;

Tommaso Campanella, Plutarch, Francis Bacon, Henry Morley

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• Utopías

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• Publié par: les_archives_du_savoir
• Nombre de lectures: 25
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 10 Mo

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EDINBURGH AND LONIXJNIDEAL
COMMONWEALTHS
PLUTARCH'S LYCURGUS
MORE'S UTOPIA
BACON'S NEW ATLANTIS
CAMPANELLA'S CITY OF THE SUN
AND A FRAGMENT OF
HALL'S MUNDUS ALTER ET IDEM
WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY HENRY MOXLEY
EMERITUS PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH LITERATURE ATI.L.D.,
LONDONUNIVERSITY COLLEGE,
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1893MORLEY'S UNIVERSAL LIBRARY.INTRODUCTION,
" "PLATO in his that it is the aim ofRepublic argues
andIndividual Man as of the State to be bravewise,
a there are three theIn heState, orders,temperate. says,
the the Producers. Wisdom shouldGuardian?, Auxiliaries,
of thebe the virtue of the Guardians ;special Courage
three virtuesand of all. TheseAuxiliaries; Temperance
to the Individual Wisdom to hisMan,belong respectively
Rational to his and to
;part Courage Spirited ; Temperance
in Man it ishis while in the State as theAppetitive;
that disturbs theirInjustice harmony.
Because the character of Man in the Stateappears
Socratesbut in a Platoform,unchanged, larger represented
as the man himself an Ideal Com-ideal throughstudying
monwealth.
" of which we haveIn another of his Critias,"dialogues,
the Socrates wishes that he could see howbeginning,only
such a commonwealth would if it were setwork, moving.
Critias undertakes to tell him. For he has received tradition
events that than nine thousandof morehappened years ago,
when the Athenians themselves were such ideal citizens.
Critias has received this he from atradition, says, ninety-
whose was the friendgrandfather, father, Dropides,year-old
of Solon. and had heard it from theSolon, lawgiver poet,
of the Ne'ith or Athene at and hadpriests goddess Sais,
to it into a heroicbegun shape poem.
This was the tradition : Nine thousand before the
years
time of the who wasSolon, goddess Athene, worshipped
also in had herto Athenians aSais, given clima'e,healthy
a fertile and in wisdom andsoil, temperate people strong
Their was like that which Socratescourage. Republic
and it had to bear the shock of a invasionimagined, great
the of the vast island Atlantis. Thisby people island,
than all and Asia was once inlarger Libya put together,
the sea westward the Atlantic thus Americabeyond waves,
was dreamed of before it was discovered. Atlantis hadlong6 INTRODUCTION.
ten descended from ten sons of Poseidonkings, (Neptune),
who was the itsgod magnificently worshipped by people.
Vast thatand extended allpower dominion, through Libya
as far as and over a of caused theEgypt, part Europe,
Atlantid to and Thenambitious_kings grow unjust. they
entered the Mediterranean and fell Athens withupon
enormous force. But in the little band of tem-citizens,
and there were forces of Reason able tobrave, wise,perate,
resist and overcome brute Now, however,strength. gone
are the are the old virtues of Athens.Atlantids, gone
and laid waste the world. The wholeEarthquakes deluges
island of with its and its sankAtlantis, wealth,great people
to the bottom of the ocean. The ideal warriors of Athens,
in one and were swallowed anday night, by earthquake,
and were to be seen no more.
a with the soul of a died in thePlato, philosopher poet,
before Christ. Plutarch was at the close ofyear 347 writing
the first after and in his Lives ofChrist,century parallel
Greeks and the most famous of hisRomans, many writings,
he took occasion to an Ideal Commonwealth as thepaint
of the half or allconception Lycurgus, mythical mythical
Solon of To Plutarch's Life of as wellSparta. Lycurgus,
as to Thomas More and others have been indebtedPlato,
for some of the of their dreams.part shaping philosophic