In-situ X-ray studies of model electrode surfaces for solid oxide fuel cells [Elektronische Ressource] / vorgelegt von Navid Khorshidi

Navid Khorshidi

Sujets

• Physik

Informations

• Publié par: universitat_stuttgart
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 20
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 11 Mo

Extrait

In-situ X-ray Studies of Model Electrode Surfaces for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells


Navid Khorshidi













Max-Planck-Institut
für Metallforschung
Stuttgart


Institut für theoretische
und angewandte Physik
Universität Stuttgart


مردام یا� �
Für meine Mutter

For my mother
ب
In-situ X-ray Studies of Model Electrode Surfaces
for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells




Von der Fakultät Mathematik und Physik der Universität Stuttgart
zur Erlangung der Würde eines Doktors der
Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) genehmigte Abhandlung






Vorgelegt von
NAVID KHORSHIDI
aus Tehran (Iran)




Hauptberichter: Prof. Dr. H. Dosch Mitberichter: rof. Dr. P. Michler



Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 17.12.2010





Max-Planck-Institut für Metallforschung Stuttgart
und
Institut für theoretische und angewandte Physik
der Universität Stuttgart


2010


Table of Contents
Acronyms ..................................................................................................................................... 7
Symbols ........ 8
Deutsche Zusammenfassung ................................................................................................ 9
Motivation ............................................. 9
Zielsetzung ......................................... 11
Ergebnisse .......................................................................... 12
Schlussfolgerungen ......................................................................................................................... 21
1 Introduction .................... 25
2 Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia and Nickel Nanoparticles ........................................ 31
2.1 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell ......................................................................... 32
2.2 Motivation ............................................................ 34
2.3 Pure Zirconia ...................................................................................... 36 2.3.1 Cubic ZrO ....................................................................................................................................... 36 22.3.2 Tetragonal ZrO ............................................................................................................................ 37 22.3.3 Monoclinic ZrO (Baddelyite) ................................................................................................. 37 2
2.4 Yttria-Stabilized zirconia ................................................................................................ 37 2.4.1 Partially-Stabilized Zirconia (PSZ) ....................................................................................... 39 2.4.2 Fully-Stabilized Zirconia (FSZ) .............................................................................................. 39
2.5 Fully Yttrium-Stabilized Zirconia Surface Structures .......................................... 46 2.5.1 The (111) Surface ........................................................................................................................ 47 2.5.2 The (110) Surface ........................................................................................................................ 48 2.5.3 The (100) Surface ........................................................................................................................ 49
2.6 Nickel Growth ..................................................................................................................... 51 2.6.1 Bulk Structure of Nickel and Nickel Oxide ........................................................................ 51 2.6.2 Equilibrium Shape....................................................................................................................... 53 2.6.3 Supported Nickel Growth ........................................................................................................ 54
3 Physics of Metal Oxides ............................................................................................... 57
3.1 Bulk Oxides .......................................................... 57 4 3.1.1 Defects.............................................................................................................................................. 58
3.2 Oxide Surfaces .................................................................................................................... 60 3.2.1 Tasker Model ................................................................................................................................. 61 3.2.2 Dangling-Bonds Model .............................................................................................................. 62 3.2.3 ZrO (111) and (100) Termination ....................................................................................... 63 23.2.4 Surface Reconstructions and Defects .................................................................................. 65
4 Experimental Techniques .......................................................................................... 67
4.1 Surface X-ray Diffraction (SXRD) ................................................. 67 4.1.1 X-ray Diffraction (XRD) ............................................................................................................. 67 4.1.2 Surface X-ray Diffraction .......................................................................................................... 71 4.1.3 Non-anomalous and Anomalous X-ray Diffraction ....................................................... 73 4.1.4 Experimental Setups .................................................................................................................. 75 4.1.5 Data Analysis ................................................................................................................................. 79
4.2 Complementary Characterization Techniques ....................................................... 86 4.2.1 X-ray Reflectivity ......................................................................................................................... 86 4.2.2 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) .......................................................................................... 89 4.2.3 Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) .................................................................................... 92
4.3 Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) ................................................................................ 95
5 The YSZ(111) Surface .................................. 97
5.1 Surface Structure ............................................................................... 98 5.1.1 Sample Preparation .................................................................................................................... 98 5.1.2 Surface X-ray Diffraction Experiments ............................................................................ 102 5.1.3 Structure Refinement ............................................................................................................. 109 5.1.4 Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 130
5.2 Growth and Shape Change of Nickel Nanoparticles ............................................ 132 5.2.1 Growth .......................................................................................................................................... 132 5.2.2 Particle Shape ............................................................................................................................ 133 5.2.3 Shape Changes ........................................................................................................................... 148 5.2.4 Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 161
6 The YSZ(100) Surface ................................................................................................ 165
6.1 Surface Structure ............. 166 6.1.1 Sample Preparation ................................................................................................................. 166
5 6.1.2 Surface X-ray Diffraction Experiments ............................................................................ 166 6.1.3 Structure Refinements ........................................................................................................... 170 6.1.4 Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 182
6.2 Growth and Shape Change of Nickel Nanoparticles ............................................ 184 6.2.1 Growth .......................................................................................................................................... 184 6.2.2 Particle Shape ............................................................................................................................ 185 6.2.3 Shape Changes ........................................................................................................................... 197 6.2.4 Summary ......................................................