L émigration chinoise vers l Europe, sources chinoises et sources européennes - article ; n°2 ; vol.12, pg 275-296
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Revue européenne de migrations internationales - Année 1996 - Volume 12 - Numéro 2 - Pages 275-296
La emigración china hacia Europa. Combinando fuentes chinas y europeas
Mette Thunø
Desde tiempo, la investigación sobre la historia de la inmigración china en Europa ha sido llevada estado por estado, limitandose por lo tanto a las fuentes nacionales. Sin embargo para entender las primeras fases de esta inmigración, un enfoque mas ancho es necesario, con el aporte de fuentes chinas y una cooperación mas desarrollada entre investigadores occidentales y chinos.
Las investigaciones en los diferentes países europeos confirman que la mayoría de los primeros inmigrantes chinos en Europa proviení an de un pequeño numero de areas de la provincia del Zhejiang, al sur de Shanghai. Pero no podemos dar una respuesta a las interrogaciones sobre el cuando, el porqué y el como del inicio de esta migración, ni sobre su importancia.
Para clarificar a estos temas, el recurso a las fuentes locales chinas representa un aporte significativo de informaciones. Este articulo contiene la traducción de un capitulo de la Qingtian County Gazetteer, traducción destinada a dar ejemplos de las informaciones sobre la emigración que se pueden encontrar es las fuentes locales. Estas informaciones están analizadas, y a pesar de algunos problemas qie conciernen su origen y su fiabilidad, demuestran el interés de las fuentes chinas para el mejor conocimiento del fenómeno Qingtian en las migraciones hacia Europa.
L'émigration chinoise vers l'Europe, sources chinoises et sources européennes
Mette Thunø
La recherche sur l'histoire de l'immigration chinoise en Europe a longtemps été menée Etat par Etat, et donc limitée aux sources nationales. Pourtant, pour comprendre les premières phases de cette immigration, une approche plus large est nécessaire, avec l'apport de sources chinoises et une coopération plus développée entre chercheurs occidentaux et chinois.
La recherche dans différents pays européens confirme que la majorité des premiers immigrants chinois en Europe sont originaires d'un petit nombre de cantons de la province du Zhejiang, au sud de Shanghaï. Mais les interrogations portant sur le quand, le pourquoi et le comment du déclenchement de l'immigration et sur son ampleur demeurent sans réponse.
Dans le but de clarifier ces thèmes, le recours aux sources locales chinoises représente un apport significatif d'informations. Cet article contient la traduction d'un chapitre de la Qingtian County Gazetteer, afin de donner un exemple des informations concernant l'émigration qui peuvent être trouvées dans ce type de source locale chinoise. Ces informations sont analysées, et malgré quelques problèmes concernant leur origine et leur fiabilité, elles démontrent l'intérêt des sources locales chinoises pour la connaissance du phénomène Qingtian dans les migrations en Europe.
Chinese Emigration to Europe : Combining European and Chinese Sources
Mette Thunø
Research into the history of Chinese immigration to Europe has so far basically been conducted on a country-by-country basis and normally restricted to national sources. In order to comprehend early Chinese immigration to Europe, however, a wider approach is necessary with the inclusion of Chinese sources and closer co-operation between Western and Chinese scholars.
Research in different European countries confirms that the majority of the early Chinese migrants to Europe originated from a few counties in Zhejiang province south of Shanghai. But when, why, and how immigration was initiated and what was its extent, still remain practically unanswered questions.
For the purpose of clarifying these topics, Chinese local sources contain valuable information. This article contains a translation of a chapter in the Qingtian County Gazetteer as an example of the information on immigration that can be found in this kind of Chinese local sources. Finally, the information is discussed and, despite some problems concerning the origin and reliability ofthe Chinese sources, they are still found to provide European researchers with valuable historical information on the Qingtian phenomenon in European immigration history.
22 pages
Source : Persée ; Ministère de la jeunesse, de l’éducation nationale et de la recherche, Direction de l’enseignement supérieur, Sous-direction des bibliothèques et de la documentation.

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Publié par
Publié le 01 janvier 1996
Nombre de lectures 6
Langue English
Poids de l'ouvrage 2 Mo

Extrait

Mette Thunø
L'émigration chinoise vers l'Europe, sources chinoises et
sources européennes
In: Revue européenne de migrations internationales. Vol. 12 N°2. 10ème anniversaire. pp. 275-296.
Citer ce document / Cite this document :
Thunø Mette. L'émigration chinoise vers l'Europe, sources chinoises et sources européennes. In: Revue européenne de
migrations internationales. Vol. 12 N°2. 10ème anniversaire. pp. 275-296.
doi : 10.3406/remi.1996.1077
http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/remi_0765-0752_1996_num_12_2_1077Resumen
La emigración china hacia Europa. Combinando fuentes chinas y europeas
Mette Thunø
Desde tiempo, la investigación sobre la historia de la inmigración china en Europa ha sido llevada
estado por estado, limitandose por lo tanto a las fuentes nacionales. Sin embargo para entender las
primeras fases de esta inmigración, un enfoque mas ancho es necesario, con el aporte de fuentes
chinas y una cooperación mas desarrollada entre investigadores occidentales y chinos.
Las investigaciones en los diferentes países europeos confirman que la mayoría de los primeros
inmigrantes chinos en Europa proviení an de un pequeño numero de areas de la provincia del Zhejiang,
al sur de Shanghai. Pero no podemos dar una respuesta a las interrogaciones sobre el "cuando", el
"porqué" y el "como" del inicio de esta migración, ni sobre su importancia.
Para clarificar a estos temas, el recurso a las fuentes locales chinas representa un aporte significativo
de informaciones. Este articulo contiene la traducción de un capitulo de la Qingtian County Gazetteer,
traducción destinada a dar ejemplos de las informaciones sobre la emigración que se pueden encontrar
es las fuentes locales. Estas informaciones están analizadas, y a pesar de algunos problemas qie
conciernen su origen y su fiabilidad, demuestran el interés de las fuentes chinas para el mejor
conocimiento del fenómeno Qingtian en las migraciones hacia Europa.
Résumé
L'émigration chinoise vers l'Europe, sources chinoises et sources européennes
Mette Thunø
La recherche sur l'histoire de l'immigration chinoise en Europe a longtemps été menée Etat par Etat, et
donc limitée aux sources nationales. Pourtant, pour comprendre les premières phases de cette
immigration, une approche plus large est nécessaire, avec l'apport de sources chinoises et une
coopération plus développée entre chercheurs occidentaux et chinois.
La recherche dans différents pays européens confirme que la majorité des premiers immigrants chinois
en Europe sont originaires d'un petit nombre de cantons de la province du Zhejiang, au sud de
Shanghaï. Mais les interrogations portant sur le "quand", le "pourquoi" et le "comment" du
déclenchement de l'immigration et sur son ampleur demeurent sans réponse.
Dans le but de clarifier ces thèmes, le recours aux sources locales chinoises représente un apport
significatif d'informations. Cet article contient la traduction d'un chapitre de la Qingtian County
Gazetteer, afin de donner un exemple des informations concernant l'émigration qui peuvent être
trouvées dans ce type de source locale chinoise. Ces informations sont analysées, et malgré quelques
problèmes concernant leur origine et leur fiabilité, elles démontrent l'intérêt des sources locales
chinoises pour la connaissance du phénomène Qingtian dans les migrations en Europe.
Abstract
Chinese Emigration to Europe : Combining European and Chinese Sources
Mette Thunø
Research into the history of Chinese immigration to Europe has so far basically been conducted on a
country-by-country basis and normally restricted to national sources. In order to comprehend early
Chinese immigration to Europe, however, a wider approach is necessary with the inclusion of Chinese
sources and closer co-operation between Western and Chinese scholars.
Research in different European countries confirms that the majority of the early Chinese migrants to
Europe originated from a few counties in Zhejiang province south of Shanghai. But "when", "why", and
"how" immigration was initiated and what was its extent, still remain practically unanswered questions.
For the purpose of clarifying these topics, Chinese local sources contain valuable information. This
article contains a translation of a chapter in the Qingtian County Gazetteer as an example of the
information on immigration that can be found in this kind of Chinese local sources. Finally, the is discussed and, despite some problems concerning the origin and reliability ofthe Chinese
sources, they are still found to provide European researchers with valuable historical information on the
Qingtian phenomenon in European immigration history.1996 (12) 2 pp. 275-296 275
Chinese Emigration to Europe:
Combining European and Chinese Sources
Mette THUN0
A journalist of a short article in a Chinese magazine was surprised to
find that in the thirteen European countries she visited in the autumn of 1992 a
predominant number of the Chinese immigrants came from the Wenzhou area in
province.1 Indeed, the administrative regions of city and Zhejiang
neighbouring Lishui district, the latter comprising among others Qingtian county,
constitute the ancestral home of a large proportion of Chinese immigrants now living
on the European continent. Probably, the reason why the journalist became so
astonished by this fact finding was because Zhejiang province on the south-eastern
coast of China is usually not considered to be a typical emigration province. Most
Chinese immigrants in Southeast Asian countries, North America and Australia
originate from the provinces south of Zhejiang, Fujian and Guangdong, but the
situation is different in Europe. Despite the fact that Chinese immigration to Europe is
distinct from other continents and thus possibly implying other patterns,
research on Chinese immigration to Europe is limited and primarily focusing on recent
conditions. History writing concerning Chinese immigration from these regions has
been largely neglected, which is probably due to a lack of readily available sources. In
this article, it will be argued that in order to alleviate the inadequate historical
emphasis in research on Chinese immigration to Europe, it is necessary to employ both
European and Chinese sources. In this paper the arguement will be stated by
presenting a translation of a chapter from the Qingtian County Gazetteer concerned
with emigration and subsequently discuss the use of the information will be discussed.
There is a rich tradition for emigration from Zhejiang, as well as Guangdong
and Fujian, but emigration from all these provinces has been restricted to a limited
number of districts.2 Emigrants from Zhejiang thus trace back their ancestry primarily
to the port city of Wenzhou (approximately 400 km. south of Shanghai) and villages in
Qingtian county especially (located in the mountains west of Wenzhou). Although
* Chercheur, Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, Leifsgade 33, Copenhagen, Danemark.
** Unfortunately simplified (Chinese) characters were not available to the editor of the review.
As the result, it was decided to use classical characters. This choice is the sole responsibility
of the editor, and not the author's choice. 276 Mette THUN0
Qingtian county especially (located in the mountains west of Wenzhou). Although consists of more than 95% and hills, the majority of the
population has been and still is engaged in farming in the river valleys. In 1941, 86%
of the labouring population were peasants,3 this proportion decreasing slowly with time
to 62% in 1982.4 Merchants are of particular interest in this case since Chinese
emigrants relied on trading as they entered Europe. However, this group constituted
only an insignificant proportion of 5,7% in 1941 and 5,2% in 1982. Moreover, this
county is notorious for its low level of education with a 57% illiteracy rate in 1942,
decreasing to 35% illiterate/semi-illiterate among the population over 12 years of age
in 1982.5
The above geographic and demographic information explains some of the
reasons why Qingtian county with its mountains and no direct access to the ocean has
developed a more recent and in scope more restricted history of emigration compared
to certain districts in Fujian and Guangdong, where contiguity to the sea and Southeast
Asian countries have instigated overseas maritime trading for centuries.6 The diverse
emigration histories and reasons for emigration have meant that the immigration
experience in Europe has been significantly different from that on other continents.
Consequently, immigration history and local factors shaping the Chinese in Europe need to be studied as a separate topic of general Chinese
immigration studies.
In publications by scholars researching Chinese immigration to Europe the
history and present situation of the Qingtian Chinese today has been documented,7 but
these studies have basically been conducted from the vi

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