Making a virtue of necessity – wastewater irrigation in a periurban area near Faisalabad, Pakistan [Elektronische Ressource] : a GIS based analysis of long-term effects on agriculture / by Philipp Weckenbrock

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Informations

• Publié par: albert-ludwigs-universitat_freiburg
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 3
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 5 Mo

Extrait

Making a virtue of necessity –
wastewater irrigation in a periurban area
near Faisalabad, Pakistan

A GIS based analysis of long-term effects on agriculture




Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of
the degree Doctor rer. nat. of the
Faculty of Forest and Environmental Sciences,
Albert-Ludwigs-Universität
Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany


By

Philipp Weckenbrock
Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
2010


























Dean: Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Gero Becker
First Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Rüdiger Glaser
Second Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Axel Drescher

Date of thesis' defence: 08 December 2010 Table of contents
Table of contents .................................................................................................................... i
Figures ................................................................................................................................... v
Tables..................................................................................................................................viii
Acknowledgements ix
Zusammenfassung .................................................................................................................x
Abstract................................................................................................................................. xi
Acronyms......xii
Urdu and Punjabi terms ......................................................................................................xiii
1. Introduction.........................................................................................................2
2. General thematic context: too much wastewater, not enough irrigation water ... 3
2.1. Population growth..................................................................................................3
2.2. (Peri)urbanisation and increasing volumes of wastewater .....................................3
2.3. Water – a scarce resource .......................................................................................6
2.3.1. Water resources.............................................................................................6
2.3.2. Water scarcity................................................................................................6
2.3.3. Less water for agriculture? Intersectoral competition for water.................... 7
3. Making a virtue of necessity: wastewater use for agricultural irrigation ............ 9
3.1. A hidden type of agriculture: estimating the scale of wastewater irrigation..........9
4. Present state of research: risks and benefits of wastewater irrigation ............... 13
4.1. Health aspects of wastewater irrigation................................................................13
4.2. Environmental aspects of wastewater irrigation...................................................18
4.2.1. Impacts of wastewater irrigation on groundwater ....................................... 18
4.2.2. Impacts of wastewater irrigation on open water bodies .............................. 19
4.2.3. Impacts of wastewater irrigation on soils.................................................... 20
4.3. Agricultural aspects of wastewater irrigation.......................................................21
4.4. Economic aspects of wastewater irrigation ..........................................................22
4.5. Cultural, religious and psychological aspects of wastewater irrigation ...............23
4.6. Alternatives to wastewater irrigation....................................................................24
4.7. Standards and guidelines: protection of the public or unfeasible
recommendations?..............................................................................................26
4.8. Summary...............................................................................................................29
5. A project on risks and benefits of wastewater irrigation in South Asia ............ 30
i 5.1. Irrigation water used............................................................................................. 31
5.1.1. India.............................................................................................................31
5.1.2. Pakistan.......................................................................................................32
5.2. Irrigation water quality......................................................................................... 32
5.2.1. India32
5.2.2. Pakistan33
5.3. Land use and crops grown.................................................................................... 34
5.3.1. India34
5.3.2. Pakistan.......................................................................................................36
5.4. Crop yields and quality ........................................................................................ 36
5.4.1. India.............................................................................................................36
5.4.2. Pakistan36
5.5. Soil quality...........................................................................................................37
5.5.1. India37
5.5.2. Pakistan.......................................................................................................37
5.6. Parasite infections (actual risk) ............................................................................ 38
5.6.1. India.............................................................................................................38
5.6.2. Pakistan38
5.7. Wastewater and livelihoods.................................................................................39
5.7.1. India39
5.7.2. Pakistan.......................................................................................................39
5.8. Summary of the project........................................................................................ 39
6. Geographic context of this study....................................................................... 41
6.1. Pakistan, Punjab, Faisalabad ................................................................................ 41
6.1.1. Irrigation in the Pakistani Punjab................................................................ 43
6.1.2. Greater demand than supply of canal water ................................................ 47
6.1.3. Use of groundwater for irrigation 49
6.1.4. Wastewater irrigation in Pakistan ............................................................... 50
6.1.5. Agriculture in Pakistan................................................................................51
6.2. The research villages Kehala and Chakera near Faisalabad................................. 52
7. Irrigation in Kehala village ............................................................................... 54
7.1. Methods................................................................................................................54
7.2. Results and discussion: expensive groundwater irrigation .................................. 55
ii 7.3. Summary...............................................................................................................60
8. Irrigation systems in Chakera village ................................................................ 61
8.1. Methods................................................................................................................61
8.2. Results and discussion: irrigation with different types of wastewater .................61
8.3. Summary...............................................................................................................67
9. History of wastewater irrigation in Chakera...................................................... 68
9.1. Methods68
9.2. Results and discussion: a revival of agriculture with wastewater irrigation ........69
9.3. Summary...............................................................................................................72
10. Local farmers’ perceptions of wastewater irrigation......................................... 73
10.1. Methods................................................................................................................73
10.2. Results and discussion: more pros than cons of wastewater irrigation ................74
10.2.1. Negative effects attributed to wastewater irrigation.................................... 74
10.2.2. Positive effects attributed to wastewater irrigation ..................................... 74
10.3. Summary...............................................................................................................76
11. Using tax records for the study of crop- and land use changes ......................... 77
11.1. Land Use and Land Cover Change – LUCC ........................................................77
11.2. Analysing LUCC: long-term data versus high-resolution data ............................77
11.3. The Khasra Girdawari register: long-term data in a high resolution...................79
11.4. The Patwari: a controversial record-keeper .........................................................81
11.5. Security concerns