COST 817
280 pages
English

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Description

Population studies of airborne pathogens on cereals as a means of improving strategies for disease control: Annual Report 1997
Medical and biological research

Sujets

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Publié par
Nombre de lectures 23
EAN13 928284286
Langue English
Poids de l'ouvrage 22 Mo

Extrait

European cooperation in the field of scientific and technical research
COST 817
Population studies of airborne
pathogens on cereals as a
means of improving strategies
for disease control
Annual report 1997
Belgium The Netherlands
Czech Republic Norway COST
Denmark Austria
Germany Poland
Greece Portugal
Spain
Switzerland
France
Slovenia
Croatia
Slovak Republic Ireland
Finland Iceland
Sweden Italy
Turkey Luxembourg
Hungary United Kingdom
European Commission
EUR 18422 EN EUROPEAN COMMISSION
Edith CRESSON, Member of the Commission
responsible for research, innovation, education, training and youth
DG XII/B.1 — RTD actions: Cooperation with non-member countries and
international organisations — European Economic Area, COST, Eureka and ls
Contact: Mrs Françoise Coudert
Address: European Commission, rue de la Loi 200 (SOME 1/39),
B-1049 Brussels — Tel. (32-2) 29-65507; fax (32-2) 29-64289 European Commission
COST 817
Population studies of airborne
pathogens on cereals as a
means of improving strategies
for disease control
Annual report 1997
Edited by
Hanne Østergård
Chairperson, COST Action 817
Directorate-General
Science, Research and Development
1998 EUR 18422 EN LEGAL NOTICE
Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the
use which might be made of the following information.
A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet.
It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa.eu.int).
Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication.
Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1998
ISBN 92-828-4286-X
© European Communities, 1998
Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.
Printed in Belgium
PRINTED ON WHITE CHLORINE-FREE PAPER LIST OF CONTENT
Page
1 Introduction
1.1 Summary of objectives 7
1.2 Current status ultimo 1997
1.3 Workplanned 1998 10
1.4 List of participating institutes and scientists 11
2 Work in Management Committee
th2.1 Agenda and Minutes of 7 meeting in Wageningen, March 14, 1997 2
th2.2a ands of 8g in Prague, November 11 and 14, 19977
3 Work in the Working Groups
3.1 WG1: Surveys on Virulence and Aggressiveness 37
Subgroup 1: Barley Powdery Mildew 45 p 2: Wheatyw 5
Subgroup 3: Yellow Rust of Wheat 6p 4: Leaf Rust of Wheat and Barley 79
Subgroup 5: Septoria tritici blotch 8
3.2 WG2: Variety and Species Mixtures to Control Airborne Diseases of Cereals ... 95
3.3 WG3: Cereal Rust and Mildew Genome Database 10
3.4 WG4: Host Resistance especially Partial Resistance
3.5 WG5: Epidemiological Parameters 175
3.6 WG6: Fungicide Sensitivity 18
4 Publications
• COST Workshop on Varietal Mixtures (coordinator E. Gacek, WG2),
Thiverval-Grignon, 25-26 May (Programme/Abstracts/List of Participants). COST
Action 817, INRA 197
• Variety mixtures in theory and practice. Information booklet for extension
agents, scientist and industry (ed. Wolfe M, compiled by Working Group 2).
Part of Proceedings of Workshop at INRA Grignon, France, May 1997 203
• Proceedings from conference "Approaches to improving disease resistance to
meet future needs: airborne pathogens of wheat and barley", Prague, 11-13
Nov (Programme/Abstracts/List of Participants). COST Action 817, 155 ρ 21
• Report of European cereal pathogen virulence surveys for 1995 and 1996 (ed.
Bayles RA). Cereal Rusts & Powdery Mildews Bulletin 25 (1997), 1-28 223
• Leaflet about COST 817 Dec 93 - Dec 98: Aims and Progress. Airborne
pathogens on cereals 253
• Internet home page, http://www.uea.ac.uk/nrp/jic/c817home.htm 257
5 Short Term Scientific Missions
Reports from 4 Short Term Scientific Mssions in 1997 261 1 Introduction 1.1 SUMMARY OF OBJECTIVES
The project aims at improving integrated strategies for use of host resistance genes and fungi­
cides to control pathogens spread by wind throughout Europe and thus support European
agriculture in its attempt to produce healthy and high quality cereal crops at a low input and
in an environmentally safe way. The emphasis is put on the major pathogens, i.e. the powdery
mildews and rusts of barley and wheat.
To achieve these goals, a detailed knowledge of pathogen populations across Europe is re­
quired concerning among other things: how the fungal spores are spread; which selection
forces influence the pathogen populations; how these selection forces can be changed by
better strategies for the use of resistance genes and fungicides; the frequency of mutations and
sexual recombination in the pathogen; how these mechanisms influence the appearance of
new pathotypes and how molecular markers can be used for improving our understanding of
the genetics of host plant resistance and of pathogen virulence, aggressiveness and fungicide
sensitivity.
The Action concerns the major cereal pathogens in Europe, powdery mildews, rusts and
Septoria tritici blotch, and has the following objectives:
. to coordinate national surveys on virulence and fungicide resistance as well as analyses of
pathogen population data;
• to compare and, where necessary, to standardise methods, e.g. assessment of virulence,
aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and definition of DNA markers, so that results from
different laboratories can be integrated;
• to coordinate definitions and national monitoring of host resistance genes;
• to improve strategies for management of host resistance genes supplemented by fungicides
and coordinate national recommendations;
• to establish regular expert meetings and an information system to ensure a rapid and effec­
tive exchange ofinformation to scientists, breeders and farmers.
1.2 CURRENT STATUS ULTIMO 1997
COST Action 817 aims at improving integrated strategies for use of host resistance genes and
fungicides to control pathogens spread by wind throughout Europe and thus support Euro­
pean agriculture in its attempt to produce healthy and high quality cereal crops at a low input
and in an environmental safe way. The emphasis is put on the major cereal pathogens in
Europe, i.e. powdery mildews, rusts and Septoria leaf blotch, on the cereal crops barley and
wheat.
COST Action 817 was approved in June 1993 and the MoU signed by CZ, DK, FI, DE,
thHU and UK December 16 1993. The first Meeting of the Management Committee took
thplace in Brussels 8-9 of February 1994 with the participation of representatives from 14
countries. At the latest MC meeting in Prague (November 1997) 19 countries have
signed or are in progress to do so and, in addition, universities from USA, Latvia and
Ukraine are associated and from Israel are in progress to be.
Since the first MC meeting in February 1994, the European network among pathologists,
geneticists, population biologists and breeders working on powdery mildew and leaf rusts of
wheat and barley and yellow rust of wheat have been extended and strengthened. The network has been extended from autumn 1996 to include researchers of a disease of wheat of
growing importance, Septoria leaf blotch. The emphasis has been on:
. co-ordinating methods of testing, modelling and surveying the pathogens which cause
these diseases, so that data from research in different countries can be compared and used
by scientists across Europe,
• co-ordinating definitions and national monitoring of host resistance genes and
describing and exploiting sources of resistance to these pathogens,
. improving strategies for management of host resistance genes supplemented by fungicides
and co-ordinating national recommendations.
The work has been done within six working groups:
Working Group 1 (Co-ordinators: P. Bartos, CZ , R. Bayles, UK,
"Surveys on virulence and aggressiveness" V. Caffier, F, J. Clarkson, UK, G. Kerna, NL,
U. Walther, D)
Working Group 2 (Co-ordinators: E.S. Gacek, PL, M.R. Finckh,
"Variety and species mixtures to control air­ CH)
borne diseases of cereals"
(Co-ordinators: J. Brown, UK, H. Giese, DK) Working Group 3
"Cereal rust and mildew genome database"
Working Group 4 : R. Niks, NL, H. Skinnes, N)
"Host resistance genes especially for partial
resistance"
Working Group 5 (Co-ordinator: C. Pope-de Vallavieille, F)
"Epidemiological parameters"
Working Group 6 (Coordinators: F. Felsenstein, D, B. Nielsen,
"Fungicide sensitivity" DK)
Scientific and technical progress
• Core differential sets of varieties have been developed to allow comparison of
virulence assays of powdery mildew and rusts in different European countries.
• Virulence survey data are being collected from all participants in a European Viru­
lence Survey Report.
• A standard nomenclature for wheat and barley powdery mildew resistance genes has
been recommended.
. Information on powdery mildew resistance genes is contributed to GRAINGENES, a
database on cereal genomes.
. We are co-ordinating the field assessment of race-specific and partial resistance
towards the six diseases in European nurserie

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