Milnor K-theory of local rings [Elektronische Ressource] / vorgelegt von Moritz Kerz

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MilnorK-theory of local ringsDissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) dermathematischen Fakultät der Universität Regensburgvorgelegt vonMoritz Kerz aus Frankfurt am Main20082Promotionsgesuch eingereicht am: 7. April 2008Die Arbeit wurde angeleitet von: Prof. Dr. Uwe JannsenPrüfungsausschuss:Prof. Dr. Felix Finster (Vorsitzender)Prof. Dr. Uwe Jannsen (Erstgutachter)Prof. Dr. Stefan Müller-Stach (Zweitgutachter)Prof. Dr. Alexander Schmidt3Wann, wenn nicht jetzt, sollen wir den Stein schleuderngegen Goliaths Stirn?Primo LeviSummaryThis thesis examines MilnorK-theory of local rings. We will prove the Beilinson-Lichtenbaumconjecture relating MilnorK-groups of equicharacteristic regular local rings with infinite residuefields to motivic cohomology groups, the Gersten conjecture for Milnor K-theory and in thefinite residue field case we will show that (n,n)-motivic cohomology of an equicharacteristicregular local ring is generated by elements of degree 1.MilnorK-theory of fields originated in Milnor’s seminal Inventiones article from 1970 [28].There he defined Milnor K-groups and proposed his famous conjectures, now known as theMilnor conjectures, which on the one hand relate Milnor K-theory to quadratic forms and onthe other hand to Galois cohomology. Following Milnor’s ideas the theory of MilnorK-groupsof fields developed swiftly.

Sujets

• Mathematics

Informations

• Publié par: universitat_regensburg
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2008
• Nombre de lectures: 19
• Langue: English

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MilnorK-theory of local rings

Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) mathematischen Fakultät der Universität Regensburg

vorgelegt von Moritz Kerz aus Frankfurt am Main

2008

der

2

Promotionsgesuch eingereicht

am:

7. April

2008

Die Arbeit wurde angeleitet von: Prof. Dr. Uwe Jannsen

Prüfungsausschuss: Prof. Dr. Felix Finster (Vorsitzender) Prof. Dr. Uwe Jannsen (Erstgutachter) Prof. Dr. Stefan Müller-Stach (Zweitgutachter) Prof. Dr. Alexander Schmidt

Wann, wenn nicht jetzt, sollen wir den Stein schleudern gegen Goliaths Stirn? Primo Levi

3

Summary This thesis examines MilnorK We-theory of local rings. will prove the Beilinson-Lichtenbaum conjecture relating MilnorK-groups of equicharacteristic regular local rings with infinite residue fields to motivic cohomology groups, the Gersten conjecture for MilnorK-theory and in the finite residue field case we will show that(n n)-motivic cohomology of an equicharacteristic regular local ring is generated by elements of degree1. MilnorK Inventiones article from 1970 [28]. ’ inal-theory of fields originated in Miln or s sem There he defined MilnorK-groups and proposed his famous conjectures, now known as the Milnor conjectures, which on the one hand relate MilnorK-theory to quadratic forms and on the other hand to Galois cohomology. Following Milnor’s ideas the theory of MilnorK-groups of fields developed swiftly. Starting with Bass and Tate [2] a norm homomorphism forK- groups of finite field extensions was defined and MilnorK-groups of local and global fields were calculated. In arithmetic it was observed by Parshin, Bloch, Kato and Saito in the late 1970s that MilnorK Alreadybe used to define class groups of arithmetic schemes.-groups could then it became obvious that for a satisfying higher global class field theory it was necessary to consider MilnorK-groups of local rings and the MilnorK-sheaf for some Grothendieck topology instead of working only withK-groups of fields [17]. In another direction it was observed by Suslin in the early 1980s that up to torsion Milnor K-groups of fields are direct summands of QuillenK-groups. Later Suslin, revisiting his earlier work, observed in collaboration with Nesterenko [29] that his results could easily be generalized to MilnorK-groups of local rings. latter type of result led Beilinson and Lichtenbaum The to their conjecture on the existence of a motivic cohomology theory of smooth varieties [3] which they predicted should be related to MilnorK-groups of local rings. More precisely they conjectured that for an essentially smooth local ringsAover a field there should be an isomorphism K nM (A)→ ∼ H n omt (AZ(n))(ℵ) between MilnorK-groups and motivic cohomology. In these two directions, in which MilnorK-groups of local rings were first introduced, a naive generalization of Milnor’s original definition for fields was used. Namely for a local ringA we letT(A × )the tensor algebra over the units ofbe Aand define the graded ringK ∗ M (A)to be the quotient ofT(A × )two-sided ideal generated by elements of the formby the a⊗(1−a) witha1−a∈A × it was observed by the experts that this is not a proper . Nevertheless, K-theory if the residue field ofAis very small (contains less than4elements) [13, Appendix]; for example the map in(ℵ)is not an isomorphism then. Our aim in this thesis is twofold. Firstly, we will prove in Chapter 3 that there is an isomorphism(ℵ)if the residue field ofAis infinite, establishing a conjecture of Beilinson and Lichtenbaum. Secondly, we will show in Chapter 4 that if we factor out more relations in the definition of MilnorK-groups of local rings we get a sensible theory for arbitrary residue fields. The former result will be deduced from the exactness of the Gersten complex for Milnor

4 K-theory: LetAbe an excellent local ring,X=Spec(A)with generic pointηandX (i) the set of points ofXof codimensioniconstructed a so called Gersten complex. Then Kato [16] 0−→K nM (A)−→K nM (k(η))−→⊕ x∈X(1) K nM −1 (k(x)) ∙ ∙−→ ∙ The exactness of the Gersten complex forAregular, equicharacteristic and with infinite residue field, also known as the Gersten conjecture for MilnorK-theory, is of independent geometric interest and one of the further main results of this thesis. For a detailed overview of our results we refer to Sections 3.1 and 4.1. The first two chapters are preliminary. Chapter 1 recalls some results on inverse limits of schemes and sketches a definition of motivic cohomology of regular schemes along the lines of Voevodsky’s approach. This construction seems to be well known to the experts but is nowhere explicated in the literature. Chapter 2 contains a collection of motivational results on Milnor K-theory of fields some of which have been generalized at least conjecturally to local rings. We will prove a part of these conjectures in this theses. The results which are proved in this thesis will be published in [19] and [20].

Acknowledgment I developed the idea for the proof of the Gersten conjecture for MilnorK-theory during the work on my diploma thesis at the University of Mainz. I would like to thank Stefan Müller-Stach, the advisor for my diploma thesis, who contributed many ideas exploited here. Also I am deeply indebted to Burt Totaro for supporting me with a lot of mathematical improvements and the opportunity to work in Cambridge where part of this thesis was written. Stephen Lichtenbaum and Burt Totaro explained to me that even in the finite residue case(n n)-motivic cohomology of a regular local ring should have a symbolic description and that this was expected as part of the fantastic Beilinson-Lichtenbaum program on motivic cohomology. This was in fact the initial motivation for Chapter 4. I am indebted to Wilberd van der Kallen for explaining me the different presentations available forK 2 of a local ring. but most cordially, I thank Uwe Finally, Jannsen for many helpful comments and his encouragement during the work on this thesis. During the last years I profited from a scholarship of the Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes.

Contents

1 Preliminaries 2 MilnorK-theory of fields 2.1 Elementary theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Motivic theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Gersten conjecture 3.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 MilnorK-Theory of local rings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 A co-Cartesian square . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 Generalized Milnor sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 Main theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Finite residue fields 4.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 Improved MilnorK-theory of local rings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 Generation by symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 Proof of Theorem 4.3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5

7 11 11 13 15 15 16 19 23 28 30 33 39 41 41 42 50 51

6

CONTENTS

Chapter 1

Preliminaries

One of the basic ingredients of our proof of the Gersten conjecture for MilnorK-theory as presented in Chapter 3 will be a variant of Noether normalization due to Ofer Gabber, although in the weak form that we state it is not clear what it has to do with Noether’s theorem. A proof of a more general version can be found in [4]. Proposition 1.0.1(Gabber).IfXis an affine smooth connected variety of dimensiondover an infinite fieldkandZ⊂Xis a finite set of closed points then there exists ak-morphism f:X→A d k which is étale around the points inZand induces an isomorphism of (reduced) schemesZ ∼ →f(Z). A further ingredient in Chapter 3 will be the reduction of the ‘regular’ problem to a smooth problem over a finite field. This is accomplished by a fascinating method due to Popescu. A proof of the next proposition can be found in [37]. Recall that a homomorphism of Noetherian ringsA→Bis called regular if the geometric fibers ofSpec(B)→Spec(A)are regular. Proposition 1.0.2(Popescu).If the homomorphismf:A→Bof Noetherian rings is regular there exists a filtering direct systemf i :A i →B i of smooth homomorphisms of Noetherian rings withlim → f i =f. The version of Popescu’s theorem that we need is the following. A ring is called essentially smooth over a fieldkif it is the localization of a smooth affinek-algebra. Corollary 1.0.3.LetAbe a regular semi-local ring containing a fieldkwhich is finite over its prime field. ThenAdirect limit of essentially smooth semi-local ringsis the filtering A i /k. Proof.By the proposition we can construct a filtering direct limitA i 0 /kof smooth affinek- algebras withlim → A 0 i =A. LetA i be the localization ofA i 0 at the inverse image of the maximal ideals ofA. When we use Popescu’s theorem in a reduction argument we have to assure that our coho- mology theories commute with filtering direct limits of rings. This commutativity is validated by means of Grothendieck’s fancy limit theorem [SGA IV/2, Exposé VI, Theorem 8.7.3]. Proposition 1.0.4(Grothendieck’s limit theorem).LetIbe a small filtering category and p: (F→I A),q: (G→I B)ringed fibred topoi. Letm:p→qbe a morphism of topoi 7

8 PRELIMINARIESCHAPTER 1. such that forf:i→jinIthe derived homomorphismsR n f ∗ : Mod(F i  A i )→Mod(F j  A j ) andR n m i∗ : Mod(F i  A i )→Mod(G i  B i ) for Thencommute with small filtering direct limits. everyA-modulei7→M i inT op(p)we have R n m ∗ Q ∗ (j7→M j ) = ∼ li −→ mµ j ∗ R n m j∗ (M j ) I◦ whereT op(p)is the total topos of the fibered topos. By definitionQandµ i are the morphisms of topoi from the diagram p ← µ i // F i Q  T op(p) From this proposition we can extract: Corollary 1.0.5.LetX i be a filtering inverse limit of affine Noetherian schemes withlim → X i = XNoetherian and let(F i ) i be a compatible system of Zariski sheaves on the schemesX i with limit sheafFonX. Then the natural map limH n (X i  F i )−→H n (X F) → is an isomorphism. Proof.Let in the propositionp:F→Ibe the fibered topos of sheaves on the schemesX i (i∈I) andq:G→I The ring objectsthe constant fibered topos of sets.AandBare just set to beZ. We know from [?] that for a Noetherian schemeYand a filtering direct limit of sheaves(G i ) i onYwith limitGwe have forn≥0 limH n (Y G i ) = ∼ H n (Y G). −→ It follows immediately from this continuity of Zariski cohomology thatR n f ∗ andR n m i∗ are continuous. Furthermore we claim that the ringed topos← p is isomorphic to the ringed topos of Zariski sheaves onX order to see this let. Inπ i :X→X i  The map whichbe the projection. associates to an inverse system(G i ) i ∈← p of sheaves on the schemesX i the sheaflim −→ π i ∗ (G i ) is an isomorphism of topoi becauseXis Noetherian – same argument as before. LetFbe a covariant functor from rings to abelian groups. Definition 1.0.6.The functorFfor every filtering direct limit of ringsis called continuous if A= limA i −→ the natural homomorphism limF(A i )−→F(A) −→ is an isomorphism.

9 A (pre-)sheaf on a subcategory of the category of schemes is called continuous if its re- striction to affine schemes is continuous in the above sense. Our final and most important aim in this preliminary chapter is to define motivic cohomology of regular schemes. As our primary interest is in MilnorK-theory and not in motivic cohomology we do only sketch the necessary constructions. Unfortunately, a comprehensive account of the theory over general base schemes has not yet appeared. In case we are interested in smooth varieties over fields a good reference is [25]. In the following few paragraphs we will generalize the theory explained there to regular base schemes. LetSbe a regular scheme, recall that this means in particular thatSis Noetherian, and letSm(S)be the category of schemes smooth, separated and of finite type overS. ForX∈ Sm(X)we will denote byc 0 (X/S)the free abelian group generated by the closed irreducible subschemes ofXwhich are finite overSand dominate an irreducible component ofS. Consider a Cartesian diagram Y f// X p  T g // S withX∈Sm(S)andY∈Sm(T). Hereg:T→Sis an arbitrary morphism of regular schemes. Then using Serre’sT or-formula or any other device which produces multiplicities in this generality one can define in a canonical way a functorial pullbackf ∗ :c 0 (X/S)→c 0 (Y /T), for details we refer to [5, Section 1] or [25, Appendix 1A]. There does also exist a functorial pushforward. IfXis as above we letZ tr (X)be the presheaf onSm(S)defined by U7→c 0 (X× S U/U). This is in fact a Zariski sheaf. ByG m we mean the sheafZ tr (A 1 X − {0})and byG ∧mn we mean the quotient sheaf ofZ tr ((A 1 X − {0}) ×n )by the subsheaf generated by the embeddings (A 1 X − {0}) ×n−1 →(A 1 X − {0}) ×n where one has the constant map1at one factor of the image. For any presheafFwe letC ∗ (F)be simplicial presheafC i (F)(U) =F(A i U ). Then Voevodsky’s motivic complex of Zariski sheavesZ(n)onSm(S)is defined to be the ascending cochain complex associated to the chain complexC ∗ G ∧mn and we shiftG ∧mn to degreen. Definition 1.0.7.For a regular schemeSmotivic cohomologyH m mot (SZ(n))is defined as the Zariski hypercohomologyH m (SZ(n)). SometimesH ot m m (SZ(n))is denoted byH m,n (S)and ifS=Spec(A)is affine we write H tom m (AZ(n))for the motivic cohomology ofScan define a bigraded ring structure on . One motivic cohomology. The following lemma is standard. Lemma 1.0.8.Motivic cohomology is continuous on regular rings. Proof.LetGbe an arbitrary complex of Zariski sheaves on a schemeXand letτ ≥i (G)be the brutal truncation, i.e. we haveτ ≥i (G) j = 0forj < iandτ ≥i (G) j =G j forj≥i. Then the complexes(τ ≥i (G)) i∈Z form a direct system and we know from [EGA III, Chapter 0, Lemma 11.5.1] that Zariski hypercohomology commutes with this limit, i.e. we have forn∈Z li −→ mH n (X τ ≥i (G)) = ∼ H n (X G). i

10CHAPTER 1. PRELIMINARIES Applying this to our situation we see that it is sufficient to prove that for fixedi∈Zand for a filtering direct limit of regular affine schemesS j with regular limitSthe map li −→ mH m (S j  τ ≥i (Z(n)))−→H m (S τ ≥i (Z(n))) j is an isomorphism. By the convergent spectral sequence E l 1 ,k =H l (S j (τ ≥i (Z(n))) k ) =⇒H l+k (S j  τ ≥i (Z(n))) we are reduced to show continuity of the following functors on regular schemesX7→H m (XZ(n) i ) for allm n i∈Z since the sheaves. ButZ(n) i commute with filtering direct limits of regular schemes (the sections are just given by certain cycles which are defined by a finite number of equations) the lemma follows from Corollary 1.0.5. Proposition 1.0.9.For an essentially smooth semi-local ringAover a field,X=Spec(A), andm n≥0the Gersten complex 0−→H m omt (Spec(A)Z(n))⊕→− x∈X(0) H t m mo (x Z(n)) −→⊕ x∈X(1) H m− t 1 (x Z(n−1)) ∙ ∙−→ ∙ mo is universally exact. For the construction of the Gersten complex as well as its exactness see the elaboration of arguments of Gabber in [4]. HereX (i) is the set of points of codimensioniinXand H m tmo (x Z(n))the motivic cohomology of the residue fieldis k(x). Observe thatZ(n) = 0for n <0. For the convenience of the reader we recall the definition of universal exactness from [4]. Definition 1.0.10.Let A 0 −→A−→A 00 be a sequence of abelian groups. We say this sequence is universally exact if F(A 0 )−→F(A)−→F(A 00 ) is exact for every additive functorF:Ab→Bwhich commutes with filtering small colimits. Here we assumeBis an abelian category satisfying AB5 (see [10]). For a regular ringAwe have a natural map A × −→H 1,1 (Spec(A)) defined by sendinga∈A × to the constant correspondencea∈(A 1 A − {0})(A). Proposition 1.0.11.If the regular ringAcontains a field the map A × →H 1,1 (Spec(A)) is an isomorphism. Proof.Letkbe the prime field inAand letA i /kbe a filtering direct system of smooth affine algebras with direct limitA. ThenA × →H 1,1 (Spec(A))the direct limit of the mapsis A i × →H 1,1 (Spec(A i ))which we know are isomorphisms by [25, Lecture 4]

Chapter 2

MilnorK-theory of fields

In this chapter we recall some properties of MilnorK Milnor-theory of fields.K-theory of fields started with Milnor’s influential article [28]. There he defined theK-groups, explained their connection to quadratic forms and Galois cohomology and stated his fundamental Milnor conjecture which was proved by Voevodsky [43]. This chapter is divided into an elementary part and a motivic part. Here elementary means that we collect together a few simple properties of MilnorKwhich can be proved by straightforward symbolic arguments.-groups  the other On hand motivic properties of MilnorK-groups are those which are predicted by or connected to the Beilinson-Lichtenbaum program on motivic cohomology [3] or which have a geometric flavour. We will follow [28] and [45] in our presentation of this well known material. Especially, we refer to these two treatises for proofs or further references.

2.1 Elementary theory For a fieldFwe let T(F × ) =Z⊕F × ⊕(F × ⊗F × )⊕ ∙ ∙ ∙ be the tensor algebra over theZ-moduleF × . LetIbe the two-sided homogeneous ideal in T(F × )generated by elementsa⊗(1−a)witha1−a∈F ×  of. ElementsIare usually called Steinberg relations. Definition 2.1.1.The MilnorK-groups of a fieldFare defined to be the graded ring M K ∗ (F) =T(F × )/I . The residue class of an elementa 1 ⊗a 2 ⊗ ∙ ∙ ∙ ⊗a n inK nM (A)is denoted{a 1  a 2  . . .  a n }. It is immediate thatK 0 M (F) =Zand thatK 1 M (F) =F × . For an inclusion of fieldF ,→Ethere is a natural homomorphism of graded ringsK ∗ M (F)→K ∗ M (E). Lemma 2.1.2.The following relations hold. M •Ifx∈K nM (F)andy∈K m (F)

x y= (−1) n m y x . 11