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Publié par | Thesee |
Nombre de lectures | 108 |
Langue | English |
Poids de l'ouvrage | 5 Mo |
Extrait
[Robin Augustine - Thesis ] [2009]
ECOLEDOCTORALEICMS
THESE
pourobtenirlegradede
Docteurdel’UniversitéParisEst
Spécialité:ELECTRONIQUEETOPTRONIQUESYSTEMES
Présentéeetsoutenuepubliquementpar
RobinAUGUSTINE
MODELISATIONELECTROMAGNETIQUEDESTISSUSHUMAINS:
APPLICATIONAUXINTERACTIONSENTRELECORPSHUMAIN
ETLESANTENNESDANSLECONTEXTEDESRESEAUXBAN
ThèsedirigéeparJeanMarcLAHEURTE
Soutenu:le8 Juillet2009
Rapporteurs:
RaphaelGILLARDProfesseuràl'INSAdeRennes
ValérieVIGNERASProfesseuràl’ENSCPdeBordeaux
Examinateur:
JeanMarcLaheurteProfesseuràParisEstMarneLaVallée
K.T.Mathew ProfesseuràCochinUniversityofScienceandTechnology(India)
P.MohananProfesseuràCochinUniversityofScienceandTechnology(India)
HamsakuttyVettikalladiProfesseuràUniversityofCalicut(India)
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tel-00499255, version 1 - 9 Jul 2010[Robin Augustine - Thesis ] [2009]
Electromagneticmodellingofhumantissuesanditsapplication
ontheinteractionbetweenantennaandhumanbodyintheBAN
context
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tel-00499255, version 1 - 9 Jul 2010[Robin Augustine - Thesis ] [2009]
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
FirstofallIamdeeplyindebtedtotheGodalmightyandmyparentswhogavemebirthand
nurturedmeallthewaylongtothepersonIamtoday.Iexpressmysincererespectandgratitude
towardsthem.IdeeplyowetoProf.Jean6MarcLaheurteandProf.K.T.Mathew,astheirresearch
student in ESYCOM, Paris Est and MTMR, CUSAT, I availed Their invaluable guidance,
continuous encouragement and ever memorable humanitarian considerations. I heart fully
acknowledge the helps and support provided by Prof. Odile Picon. Head of Laboratary
ESYCOM.,forcarryingouttheacademicandresearchworks.Alsotheinfrastructuralfacilities
arrangedfortheresearchworksareworthmentioningatthisinstance.Dr.MarjorieGrzeskowiak,
Dr. Benoit Poussot and Dr. Shermila Mostarshdi were of great assistance and their advices
proved to be very valuable for me. I am pleased to remember the friendship with M.Thierry
Alvesthroughoutmyresearchwork.Thefrequentdiscussionswehadwerefruitfulandfun.I
also use this opportunity to thank Dr. Rohith Kunnath Raj who was also my senior for his
companionship.IalsoowetoDr;StephenPortat, M.DavidDilcroix,Dr.ElodhieRichlotand
Laurent Cirio for the support they had for me. Mr. Thierry Sarrebourse and Mme. Hanae
Terchoune of France Telecom were real help for me during all of my SAR measurement
campaignsandIthankthemtoo.Dr.P.Mohanan,Professor.Dr.P.R.S.Pillai,Dr.Tesemma
Thomas, and C. K. Anandan, Reader, Dept. of Electronics, Cochin University of Science &
Technology,wereencouragingandIamindebtedtothemtoo.Theyarealsomentionedhere
withgratitude.IamgratefultoDr.JaimonYohannan,ResearchAssociate,forbeingmysenior
colleague,forhisguidance,motivation,assistanceandalotmore.IsincerelythankEGIDEEiffel
fortheirexcellencefellowshipwhichgavemefinancialfreedomandithelpedmealottofocus
onmywork.IalsothankUGC,IndiatoprovidemewithfinancialassistancewhileIwasinIndia.
IalsothankmyfriendsMr.SareeshJameskutty,Dr.VinuThomas,Dr.AnupamR.Chandran,
Mr.UllasG.K,Mr.Deepu.V.andDr.Saritha.
IamsomuchgratefultomybrotherMr.BobinsAugustineforhewasmyenergyboosterand
ismybestfriend.
RobinAugustine
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tel-00499255, version 1 - 9 Jul 2010[Robin Augustine - Thesis ] [2009]
Dedicated to
The Almighty God,
My Teachers,
My Parents & Brother
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tel-00499255, version 1 - 9 Jul 2010[Robin Augustine - Thesis ] [2009]
Abstract
Inthisageofwirelesstechnology,BodyAreanetworks(BAN)isrevolutionisingtheconceptofpatientcareand
healthmonitoring.BANprovidespeoplegoodassessmentoftheirhealthstatusatany time,wherevertheyare
physically. The increased interest in developing effective body (in, on & off) communication systems made
phantomswhichcanmimictheelectricalpropertiesofanactualhumanbodynecessary.Wearableantennaswhich
aretheindispensablepartofBANgottobelowprofileandaboveallinfluencesthathumanbodycanmake.
Thereshouldalsobeawaytoreducetheeffectofantennasonhumanbodynamelyspecificabsorptionrate(SAR).
In this work effort has been made to develop phantoms suitable for both On body and In body
communications. The base materials which are selected for the study are of biological origin (bio ceramics and
biopolymers)whosebehaviourisclosertothatofhumantissues.Asthesephantomsarebiocompatibletheyare
essentiallynontoxicwheretheconventionallyavailablephantomsaretoxicinnature.Differentkindsoflowprofile
conformalwearableantennasworkingat2.4GHzISMbandweredevelopedandstudiedintheBANperspective.
Antennassuffermuchintermsofmatchingandefficiencywhentheyareincontactorinthepremisesof
humanbody.Thisisamajorhurdleinthewaytosettingupagoodbodycommunicationnetwork.Thiswork
encompassesvarioustechniquesadoptedtolimitthebodyinterferencestoanacceptablelevel.Thetechniquesadopted
(SuchasBackingGroundPlane,HighImpedanceSurface&PolymericFerriteSheets)provedtobeeffectivein
reducing the sway in antenna characteristics when they are mounted on body. Specific absorption rate is also
broughttoacceptablelevelsandthusavoidingtheformationofhotspotsduetomicrowaveabsorption.Asaferand
costeffectiveBANcanbesetupusingthisworkwhichwillleadtoasafer,mobileandhealthyfuture.
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tel-00499255, version 1 - 9 Jul 2010[Robin Augustine - Thesis ] [2009]
Contents
Chapter1.13
1.Introduction13
1.1.WirelessandMicrowaves13
1.2AntennasforMicrowaveCommunication19
1.2.1MicrostripAntennas(MSAs)20
1.2.2RectangularMicrostripAntennas(RMSAs)21
1.2.3Advantages28
1.2.4Disadvantages29
1.2.5ApplicationsofMSAs29
1.2.6 Feeding Techniques 30
1.3IndustrialScientificandMedical(ISM)Applications32
1.4WirelessBodyAreaNetworks(WBANs)33
1.4.1OffBodytoOnBodyCommunications34
1.4.2.OnBodyCommunications35
1.5.NumericalMethodsinElectromagnetics36
1.5.1MethodofMoments36
1.5.2FiniteElementMethod37
1.5.3FiniteDifferenceTimeDomainMethod38
1.5.4TransmissionLineMatrixMethod38
1.6CommercialElectromagneticSimulationTools39
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[Robin Augustine - Thesis ] [2009]
1.7MotivationandObjectiveoftheResearchWork39
1.8OrganizationoftheThesis41
REFERENCES42
Chapter2.44
LITERATUREREVIEW44
2.1.ElectromagneticCharacteristicsofHumanTissues44
2.2.PhysicalBodyPhantoms47
2.2.1.LiquidPhantoms49
2.2.2.Semisolid(Gel)orSolid(Wet)Phantoms49
2.2.3Solid(Dry)Phantoms50
2.3.ExamplesofPhysicalPhantoms50
2.4.NumericalPhantoms51
2.4.1.TheoreticalPhantoms51
2.4.2.VoxelPhantoms51
2.5.UseofBiomaterialsfortheDevelopmentofReliableHumanSolidPhantoms52
2.5.1.Bioceramics53
2.5.1.1.Hydroxyapatite53
2.5.1.2. TricalciumPhosphate(βTCP)54
2.5.1.3.BiphasicBioceramics55
2.5.2.Biopolymers55
2.6.WearableAntennas55
REFERENCES58
Chapter364
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EXPERIMENTALSETUPSANDMETHODOLOGIES64
3.1Perturbationmethods64
3.1.1.CavityPerturbationtechnique64
3.1.1.a.Dielectricparameters66
3.1.1.b.Magneticparameters68
3.1.2.Coaxialtransmissionlineresonator70
3.2.HP8510CVectorNetworkAnalyzer73
3.3.Anechoicchamber74
3.4.Automatedturntableassemblyforfarfieldmeasurements75
3.5.Experimentalsetup75
3.5.1.Measurementprocedure77
3.5.2.Sparameters,ResonantfrequencyandBandwidth77
3.6.Gain78
3.7.Polarizationpattern79
3.8.ImpedanceandVSWR79
3.9.Radiationpattern80
3.10.Efficiencymeasurementtechniques81
3.10.1.RadiationEfficiency81
3.10.1.1.Wheelercapmethod81
3.10.1.2.ReverberationChamber83
3.11.XrayDifractometry(XRD)84
3.12.FourrierTransformInfraredSpectroscopy(FTIR)85
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3.13.1.Specificabsorptionrate(SAR)86
3.13.1.1.Generalrequirements87
3.13.1.2Phantomspecifications(shellandliquid)88
3.13.1.2.1.PhantomshapeandSize88
3.13.1.2.2.PhantomShell88
3.13.1.2.3.LiquidMaterialProperties89
3.13.1.2.3.a.LiquidRecipe90
3.13.1.3.SpecificationsoftheSARmeasurementequipment90
3.13.1.3.1.Robotspecifications90
3.13.1.3.1.a.AUTholderspecifications91
REFERENCES92
Chapter495
MODELLING OF PHYSICAL MICROWAVE PHANTOMS AND DEVELOPMENT OF SHIELDING
MATERIALSFORONBODYCOMMUNICATIONS95
4.1.DevelopmentofBioceramicandBiopolymerBasedphantoms96
4.1.1.HydroxyApatite96
4.1.2Chitosan101
4.1.3.HydroxyapatiteChitosanComposite106
4.1.4.BetaTricalciumPhosphateBioceramics114
4.1.5.BiphasicChitosan–GlycineMaxCompositeBioceramics121
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4.1.6.MarantaArundinacea(Arrowroot)128
4.1.6.a.Permittivity129
4.1.6.b.Lossfactor129
4.1.6.c.MicrowaveAbsorption130
4.1.6.d.Otherproperties131
4.2.PolyanilineBasedMaterialsforEfficientEMIShielding132
4.2.1.ReflectionCoefficient135
4.2.2.TransmissionCoefficient137
4.2.3.ShieldingEfficiency138
4.2.4.SkinDepth 141
4.3.Conclusions142
4.4.Advanta