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Publié par | otto-von-guericke-universitat_magdeburg |
Publié le | 01 janvier 2006 |
Nombre de lectures | 8 |
Langue | English |
Poids de l'ouvrage | 13 Mo |
Extrait
Neural mechanisms for fast recognition of
auditory emotion
Dissertation
zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades
doctor rerum naturalium
(Dr. rer. nat.)
genehmigt durch die Fakult¨at fur¨ Naturwissenschaften
der Otto-von-Guericke-Universit¨at Magdeburg
von Diplom-Psychologin Katja N. Spreckelmeyer
geb. am 13.04.1976 in Braunschweig
Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Thomas F. Munt¨ e
PD Dr. Sonja Kotz
eingereicht am: 25.04.2006
verteidigt am: 19.07.2006Acknowledgments
To collect the data for my thesis I worked in three different laboratories at different
places of the world. Accordingly, many people contributed to its realization, and I want
tothankallofthem. Aboveall, Iwouldliketoexpressmydeepestgratitudetomysuper-
visor, Professor Thomas F. Mun¨ te of the Department of Psychology, Otto-von-Guericke
University Magdeburg. His sharp eye for details and superb analytical skills have been
instrumental in the success of the project. I also want to thank the members of his lab
who I could always turn to for advice.
Some of the data was collected during my stay at the Department of Cognitive Science,
University of San Diego, California. I am deeply grateful to Professor Marta Kutas and
Thomas Urbach who gave me a warm welcome, and who taught me an incredible lot
about ERP research. Thanks also to the other members of the Kutas lab.
During the course of my thesis work my ‘home base’ was the Institute for Music-
Physiology and Musicians’ Medicine, Hanover School of Music and Drama. I want
to thank the director, Professor Eckart Altenmul¨ler, for his encouragement and guidance
during my research. I am also grateful to past and present members of the lab, especially
Dr. Michael Grossbach and Hauke Egermann. I also want to express my gratitude to
Professor Hans Colonius of the Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg for introducing
Fechnerian Scaling to me.
The work could not have been done without the generous support of the Gottlieb-
Daimler- and Karl Benz-Foundation, the Lienert-Foundation, the Deutsche Akademische
Austausch Dienst, and the Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes.
I also want to thank the participants of my experiments and the musicians who played
and sang the stimulus tones for me. Special thanks to Marcel Babazadeh of Sennheiser
for professional recording of the tones.
I am very grateful to my parents for the support they provided me through my entire
life. Finally, I must give immense thanks to my husband, Hanno. His love and support
during the course of my thesis work was of immeasurable value to me.
iiContents
1. Foreword 1
2. Theoretical background 2
2.1. General introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.2. Emotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2.1. Emotion theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2.2. Fast stimulus evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.3. Acoustical expression of emotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3.1. Acoustical correlates of vocal affect expression . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3.2. Origins of vocal affect expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.3.3. Similar code usage in music and vocal expression of emotion . . . 19
2.3.4. A theoretical framework for the communication of emotions . . . 25
2.3.5. Neural correlates of auditory emotion processing . . . . . . . . . 28
2.4. Summary and implications for the present study . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3. The method of event-related potential recording 34
I. Pre-attentive Processing of Emotional Expression in Violin
Tones 39
4. MMN-Exp. I: Are subtle changes in the emotional expression of single
tones registered by the brain? 40
iii4.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.1.1. Active discrimination as reflected by the P3b . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.1.2. Pre-attentive processing as reflected by the mismatch negativity . 42
4.2. Materials and methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.2.1. Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.2.2. Stimulus material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.2.3. Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.2.4. Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.2.5. Apparatus and recording . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.3. Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.3.1. Active condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.3.2. Passive condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.4. Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.4.1. Active condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.4.2. Passive condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
5. MMN-Exp II: Are single tones categorized by the brain based on their
emotional expression? 60
5.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.1.1. Aim of the study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.2. Scaling experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
5.2.1. About scaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
5.2.2. Materials and methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.2.3. Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
5.2.4. Selection for follow-up experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
5.3. The MMN-study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
5.3.1. Materials and methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
5.3.2. Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
5.4. Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
ivII. Processing of Vocal Emotion Expression 88
6. Experiment II-01: Timbre as a code for emotion and identity 89
6.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
6.2. Materials and methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
6.2.1. Stimulus material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
6.2.2. Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
6.2.3. Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
6.2.4. Experimental procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
6.2.5. Apparatus and recording . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
6.3. Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
6.3.1. ERP-experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
6.4. Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
7. Integration of visual and auditory emotional stimuli 109
7.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
7.2. Materials and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
7.2.1. Stimuli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
7.2.2. Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
7.2.3. Task procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
7.2.4. ERP recording . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
7.3. Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
7.3.1. Behavioral results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
7.3.2. ERP data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
7.4. Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
8. Conclusions 133
8.1. Summary of key findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
8.2. General discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
8.3. Implications for future research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
8.4. Concluding remark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
vReferences 138
Appendix 159
Erkl¨arung 164
Lebenslauf 165
vi1. Foreword
That recognition of emotion from the voice happens fast becomes obvious when your
heart starts pounding the moment you hear a person next to you scream in panic.
Likewise,wemightknowfromthefirstwordofaphonecallerthatthereisbadnews. This
thesisaddressesthefastrecognitionofemotionexpressedintheauditorychannel. Event-
relatedbrainpotentialswererecordedtoexaminetheunderlyingmechanismsinthebrain.
The first chapter reviews the current standard of knowledge and outlines recent models
servingasatheoreticalframeworkforthepresentedexperiments. Chapter3givesashort
introduction into the methodology of recording event-related brain potentials (ERP).
Because ERPs permit non-invasive real-time monitoring of physiological processes with
a high temporal resolution, they are an ideal tool to study rapid processes in the brain.
Thepresentationoftheexperimentswillbedividedintotwopartsbecausedifferentlevels
of emotional processing were addressed. The experiments in part I (MMN-Exp. I and
II) were concerned with pre-attentive classification processes of emotionally significant
auditory stimuli. The experiments described in part II (II-01 and II-02) examined the
time-course of