Passive admixture transfer peculiarity at the Lithuanian coast of the Baltic Sea ; Pasyviųjų priemaišų pernašos ypatumai Baltijos jūros Lietuvos priekrantėje

Jolanta Bak

Description

Asta DAUNARAVI ČIEN Ė PASSIVE ADMIXTURE TRANSFER PECULIARITY AT THE LITHUANIAN COAST OF THE BALTIC SEA Summary of Doctoral Dissertation Technological Sciences, Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management (04T) 1430 Vilnius 2007 VILNIUS GEDIMINAS TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY Asta DAUNARAVI ČIEN Ė PASSIVE ADMIXTURE TRANSFER PECULIARITY AT THE LITHUANIAN COAST OF THE BALTIC SEA Summary of Doctoral Dissertation Technological Sciences, Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management (04T) Vilnius 2007 Doctoral dissertation was prepared at Vilnius Gediminas Technical University in 2003–2007. Scientific Supervisor Prof Dr Habil Dmitrijus STYRO (Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Technological Sciences, Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management – 04T). Consultant Assoc Prof Dr Jonas KLEIZA (Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Physical Sciences, Mathematics – 01P). The dissertation is being defended at the Council of Scientific Field of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management at Vilnius Gediminas Technical University: Chairman Prof Dr Habil Pranas BALTR ĖNAS (Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Technological Sciences, Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management – 04T).

Sujets

• Baltic Sea
• Territorial waters

Informations

• Publié par: vilnius_gediminas_technical_university
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2008
• Nombre de lectures: 28

Extrait

 

        Asta DAUNARAVIČIENĖ         PASSIVE ADMIXTURE TRANSFER PECULIARITY AT THE LITHUANIAN COAST OF THE BALTIC SEA         Summary of Doctoral Dissertation Technological Sciences, Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management (04T)            

 

Vilnius 2007

1430

 

VILNIUS GEDIMINAS TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY                  Asta DAUNARAVIČIENĖ           PASSIVE ADMIXTURE TRANSFER PECULIARITY AT THE LITHUANIAN COAST OF THE BALTIC SEA           Summary of Doctoral Dissertation Technological Sciences, Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management (04T)            

 

Vilnius   2007 

 

Doctoral dissertation was prepared at Vilnius Gediminas Technical University in 2003 2007.   Scientific Supervisor Prof Dr Habil Dmitrijus STYRO (Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Technological Sciences, Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management  04T). Consultant Assoc Prof Dr Jonas KLEIZA(Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Physical Sciences, Mathematics  01P). The dissertation is being defended at the Council of Scientific Field of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management at Vilnius Gediminas Technical University: Chairman Prof Dr Habil Pranas BALTRĖNAS (Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Technological Sciences, Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management  04T). Members: Prof Dr Habil Donatas BUTKUS(Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Technological Sciences, Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management  04T), Dr Benedikta LUKIENĖ (Institute of Physics, Physical Sciences, Physics  02P), Dr Habil Jonas MAEIKA of Geology and Geography, Physical (Institute Sciences, Geology  05P), Assoc Prof Dr Saulius VASAREVIČIUS(Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Technological Sciences, Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management  04T). Opponents: Assoc Prof Dr Aloyzas GIRGDYS(Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Technological Sciences, Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management    04T), Dr Habil Elena Danutė MARČIULIONIENĖ of Botany, Biomedical (Institute Sciences, Ecology and Environmental Research  03B). The dissertation will be defended at the public meeting of the Council of Scientific Field of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management   in the Senate Hall of Vilnius Gediminas Technical University at 1 p. m. on 14 December 2007. Address: Saulėtekio al. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania. Tel.: [phone]; fax [phone]; e-mail: [e-mail] The summary of the doctoral dissertation was distributed on 14 November 2007. A copy of the doctoral dissertation is available for review at the Library of Vilnius Gediminas Technical University (Saulėtekio al. 14, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania).   © Asta Daunaravičienė, 2007    

VILNIAUS GEDIMINO TECHNIKOS UNIVERSITETAS                   Asta DAUNARAVIČIENĖ         PASYVIŲJŲPRIEMAIŲPERNAOS YPATUMAI BALTIJOS JŪROS LIETUVOS PRIEKRANTĖJE           Daktaro disertacijos santrauka Technologijos mokslai, aplinkos ininerija ir kratotvarka (04T)            

 

Vilnius    2007 

 

Disertacija rengta 20032007 metais Vilniaus Gedimino technikos universitete.   Mokslinis vadovas prof. habil. dr. Dmitrijus STYRO (Vilniaus Gedimino technikos universitetas, technologijos mokslai, aplinkos ininerija ir kratotvarka  04T). Konsultantas  doc. dr. Jonas KLEIZA(Vilniaus Gedimino technikos universitetas, fiziniai mokslai, matematika  01P).   Disertacija ginama Vilniaus Gedimino technikos universiteto Aplinkos ininerijos ir kratotvarkos mokslo krypties taryboje:   Pirmininkas prof. habil. dr. Pranas BALTRĖNAS Gedimino technikos (Vilniaus universitetas, technologijos mokslai, aplinkos ininerija ir kratotvarka  04T). Nariai: prof. habil. dr. Donatas BUTKUS(Vilniaus Gedimino technikos universitetas, technologijos mokslai, aplinkos ininerija ir kratotvarka  04T), dr. Benedikta LUKIENĖ(Fizikos institutas, fiziniai mokslai, fizika  02P), habil. dr. Jonas MAEIKA(Geologijos ir geografijos institutas, fiziniai mokslai, geologija  05P), doc. dr. Saulius VASAREVIČIUS(Vilniaus Gedimino technikos universitetas, technologijos mokslai, aplinkos ininerija ir kratotvarka  04T). Oponentai: doc. dr. Aloyzas GIRGDYS(Vilniaus Gedimino technikos universitetas, technologijos mokslai, aplinkos ininerija ir kratotvarka  04T), habil. dr. Elena Danutė MARČIULIONIENĖ institutas, (Botanikos biomedicinos mokslai, ekologija ir aplinkotyra  03B).   Disertacija bus ginama vieame Aplinkos ininerijos ir kratotvarkos mokslo krypties tarybos posėdyje 2007 m. gruodio 14 d. 13 val. Vilniaus Gedimino technikos universiteto senato posėdiųsalėje. Adresas: Saulėtekio al. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lietuva. Tel.: [phone]; faksas (8 5) 270 0112; el. patas [e-mail] Disertacijos santrauka isiuntinėta 2007 m. lapkričio 14 d. Disertaciją galima periūrėti Vilniaus Gedimino technikos universiteto bibliotekoje (Saulėtekio al. 14, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lietuva). VGTU leidyklos Technika 1430 mokslo literatūros knyga.        

 

  © Asta Daunaravičienė, 2007

 

General Characteristic of the Dissertation   Topicality of the problem The evaluation of the passive admixture transfer in the marine environment is very significant from the point of view of environmental protection. A particular attention is devoted to the Baltic Sea ecological state, which is strongly influenced by the peculiarities of the sea bottom, weak connection with the World Ocean, climatic and hydrometeorological conditions. During the recent decades, the tendency of increment of the amount of anthropogenic pollutants is observed. The development of nuclear energetics and technology inevitably causes the spread of radionuclides of technical origin in the marine environment. The major attention is paid to the investigation of the radionuclide 137 Cs distribution, since the investigations show the high values of the volumetric activity of this radionuclide to be present in the sea water thus far. Besides that, 137 Cs radionuclide can be used as a tracer in investigations of the migration of other passive admixtures in the Baltic Sea water. Quite a number of scientists research the problems related with the amounts of the radionuclide of technical origin, their spread and impact on the marine environment. However, the works considering a problem of the variations of volumetric activity of radionuclides and their transfer in the coastal waters of the Baltic Sea practically are not encountered. Considering that, the volumetric activity of radionuclide 137 Cs in the coastal surface waters of the Lithuanian territorial zone of the Baltic Sea was determined, and the hydrometeorological parameters were evaluated as well. The volumetric activity of the radionuclide 137 Cs in the Baltic Sea water is not observed to be stationary, consequently it is very important to choose proper methods for the radionuclide activity determination of and evaluate the tendencies of its variations. After doing the evaluation of the changes in volumetric activity of radiocaesium in the coastal waters, the possibility of modeling and forecast of location of the appeared pollution source, its power and transfer direction arises. Moreover, the investigations are valuable for assessment of impact of the radionuclide on the sea flora and fauna, since 137 Cs is accumulated in fish (analogue of potassium), and the process is considered to be particularly characteristic for marine ecosystems.   Aim of the work 1.   determine the tendency of the change in volumetric activity ofTo radionuclide  137 Cs and evaluate the factors conditioning obtained values in the coastal waters of the Lithuanian territory of the Baltic Sea.

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2. On the basis of the results of experimental investigations and mathematical modeling, to carry out the search of the imaginary source of passive pollutant (radionuclide 137 Cs) and evaluate the coincidence of theoretical and experimental values of volumetric activity in coastal waters. 3.   To forecast future possible consequences in the Baltic Sea of the action of point 137 Cs pollution sources.   Tasks of the work 1.   To carry out the analysis of the scientific literature on the amounts of radionuclide  137 Cs, their distribution and variations in the marine environment.  2.   a consecutive long-term research of variations of theTo carry out radionuclide  137 Cs volumetric activity in the coastal waters of the territory of Lithuania of the Baltic Sea in different year seasons. 3.   To evaluate the impact of hydrometeorological conditions on the transfer of radionuclide 137 surface waters of the Baltic Sea.Cs in the 4.   choose an apply a theoretical scheme that would enable toTo determine quickly and reliably the peculiarities of the transfer of passive admixture in explanation of the formation of artificial radionuclide  137 volumetric activity field in the coastal waters of theCs Baltic Sea. 5.   After evaluation of the experimentally determined hydrological parameters, to carry out the multifold calculations of the transfer of passive admixture in order to determine the optimal coincidence of theoretical and experimental values of the volumetric activity of radionuclide  137 Cs in the coastal territorial waters of Lithuania of the Baltic Sea. 6.   To compare the theoretical results of the volumetric activity of radiocaesium with the values determined experimentally in the coastal waters.   Scientific novelty   The complex research of the volumetric activity of radionuclide 137 Cs in the surface coastal water of the Baltic Sea, in the territory of Lithuania, was carried out. When performing the research: 1.   the long-term variations of the volumetric activity of radionuclide 137 Cs in the coastal waters near Juodkrantėduring different seasons of the year period 19972006 were evaluated;

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2. the mathematical model of the transfer of passive admixtures in the sea water was constructed and applied for the southeastern part of the Baltic Sea and the coastal zone, with the help of which it is possible to forecast the location of pollutants source, its power, and to evaluate the formation of the volumetric activity field in the coastal waters of the Baltic Sea; 3.   the passive pollutant transfer duration and direction, in which the pollutant concentrations acquire maximum values under the action of pollutant sources of different power and natural meteorological conditions, are evaluated.   Practical value According to the variations of the volumetric activity of radionuclide 137 Cs in the coastal zone, measured in the work, it is possible to forecast the factors determining the increase of volumetric activity in the open waters of southeastern part of the Baltic Sea. The constructed mathematical model, requiring not much time and costs, allows determining the location of the accumulation, distribution in space and time of passive admixtures. When changing the initial data, initial and boundary conditions, the model can be applied for any part of the Baltic Sea, and for the investigation of other water reservoirs as well. If the location of the source of a pollutant is defined in time, it is possible to avoid, warn or leastwise partially reduce the negative consequences in the marine ecosystem.   Defended propositions   1.   The volumetric activity of radionuclide 137 Cs is not permanent in the coastal waters of the Lithuanian zone of the Baltic Sea, i e, it increases, decreases, and not always coincides with the radioactive background. In 20042006, its volumetric activity was changing in the range from 27 to 94 Bq/m 3 . 2.   The variation of the volumetric activity of radionuclide 137 Cs in the coastal waters depends on the hydrometeorological circumstances (direction and speed of the wind, direction of the current), however its dependence on the specific electric conductivity and temperature of the water is not observed. 3.   The mathematical program is constructed, which, after the estimation of the variations of the volumetric activity of radionuclide 137 Cs in the coastal waters and the meteorological parameters, can be used for modeling and forecast of the location and power of a point source of pollutants. 

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In this chapter the mathematical models describing the spread of passive admixtures in the hydrosphere are presented, the peculiarities of these models are analyzed.   2. The Objective of the Research and the Methods Used   The researches of the Nuclear Hydrophysics laboratory of Vilnius Gediminas Technical University have determined that the absolute values of VA of radionuclide 137 Cs in the coastal waters of the Baltic Sea, measured in the long-term monitoring station near Juodkrantė, coincide with the VA values registered in the waters of the southeastern part of the proper sea. Consequently, there is fairly enough to do measurements of radionuclide VA in the coastal waters in order to evaluate the level of radioactive contamination in the proper sea. The specimens of the sea surface water for determining VA of 137 Cs were sampled in spring, summer and autumn seasons in the Baltic Sea at the distance of 10 m from the seashore of Lithuania at 0.5 meter depth. The minimum volume of the analyzed water specimen is 4050 liters. The temperature, specific electric conductivity, water current direction, wind speed and direction were registered during the time of sampling. During the whole research period, the determination of VA of radionuclide 137 Cs in the coastal surface waters of the Baltic Sea were carried out using a single technique-radiochemical analysis and the same type of measuring equipment, namely, gamma-spectrometric equipment (gamma spectrometer CANBERRA with semiconductor HPGe detector). This research technique consists of some main stages: the concentration of radionuclide 137 Cs together with a stable carrier, sample cleaning, and activity measuring according to γradiation. The methods error is 10 %. The mathematical model was constructed and applied for theoretical assessment of the passive admixtures transfer in the southeastern part of the Baltic Sea and the coastal waters. When constructing the model, the sedimentation velocity was neglected because of its insignificance in comparison with other factors; and under the changing meteorological situations and owing to the complicated sea bottom conformation, the sedimentation velocity can acquire an opposite sign. The vertical component of turbulent diffusion is not accounted in the model. The effect of the vertical diffusion is negligible in comparison with the horizontal one, since the value of the horizontal turbulent diffusion coefficient (200 m 2 /s) is higher by six orders than that of the vertical turbulent diffusion (0.8 × 10 -4 m 2 /s). Therefore the plane turbulent diffusion equation is used in the model:

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 (2.2)

∂ ∂ C =div(KgradC)−vgradC, (2.1)   whereC = C(x, y, t) the concentration of the admixture; isv=v(x, y) is the vector velocity of the water mass movement;Cis the concentration of a passive admixture source;Kis the coefficient of turbulent diffusion. A steady-state model is used for the calculation of velocity fields:   1 div( H 1 3 gradψ)= 2a rot z ⎛ ⎝ ⎜ T H ⎞ ⎠ ⎟ , ψ Γ C =0, ∂ ∂ ψ n Γ W =0,   whereψ =ψ(x, y) is the function of the total flows;ais the coefficient of vertical change;T =(T x, T y ) wind stress;is the tangential vector ofH is the depth of the sea. After calculating the function of the totals flowψ= (x, y)(m 3 /s) for every node of the net area, the velocity of water movement on the sea surface is calculated using the following formulae:   = H T− 3∂         v= H T y + 3 ∂ ∂ , (2.3) u 4a x 2H∂y4 , a2   hereuis the velocity of water movement inxdirection (m/s),vis the velocity of water movement inydirection (m/s). The effectiveness of the mathematical model can be verified with the help of a passive admixture, namely, artificial radionuclide 137 Cs, since the radionuclide exists in the ionic form in the sea water and is found in the whole marine area.   3. Mathematical Model   Using the formulae presented in Chapter 2, the mathematical model is constructed and applied for investigation of the transfer of a passive admixture in the surface waters of the southeastern part of the Baltic Sea and the surface coastal waters under the action of the point pollution source of 137 Cs. The

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