Planning and Implementation of the Dyke Systems in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam [Elektronische Ressource] / Cong Huu Pham
197 pages
English

Planning and Implementation of the Dyke Systems in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam [Elektronische Ressource] / Cong Huu Pham

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197 pages
English
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Planning and Implementation of the Dyke Systems in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades (Dr. rer. nat.) der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Bonn vorgelegt von PHAM Cong Huu aus Kien Giang, Vietnam Bonn, 2011 Angefertigt mit Genehmigung der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Eckart Ehlers 2. Gutachter: Prof.Dr. Jürgen Pohl Tag der Promotion: 25.03.2011 Erscheinungsjahr: 2011 Abstract Floods are a dangerous threat and an implicit risk for farming communities in rural floodplains of the Mekong Delta (MD). The Vietnamese government decided the dyke system construction to control floods and ensure safety for life and livelihood of flood affected communities. The case study of this dissertation refers to Can Tho city, an average floodplain community of the MD, covering also 9 districts. Here a comprehensive dyke system has been constructed to control flood risks. This thesis investigates the existing problems in the dyke system planning and its implementation, dyke impacts on the natural environment and socio-economic development as well as the adaptability of the flood affected farming communities in the protected floodplains.

Informations

Publié par
Publié le 01 janvier 2011
Nombre de lectures 36
Langue English
Poids de l'ouvrage 8 Mo

Extrait


Planning and Implementation of the Dyke Systems
in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam





Dissertation
zur
Erlangung des Doktorgrades (Dr. rer. nat.)
der
Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät
der
Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität
zu Bonn



vorgelegt von


PHAM Cong Huu


aus


Kien Giang, Vietnam




Bonn, 2011 Angefertigt mit Genehmigung der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der
Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn



























1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Eckart Ehlers
2. Gutachter: Prof.Dr. Jürgen Pohl
Tag der Promotion: 25.03.2011
Erscheinungsjahr: 2011 Abstract
Floods are a dangerous threat and an implicit risk for farming communities in rural
floodplains of the Mekong Delta (MD). The Vietnamese government decided the dyke system
construction to control floods and ensure safety for life and livelihood of flood affected
communities. The case study of this dissertation refers to Can Tho city, an average
floodplain community of the MD, covering also 9 districts. Here a comprehensive dyke
system has been constructed to control flood risks.
This thesis investigates the existing problems in the dyke system planning and its
implementation, dyke impacts on the natural environment and socio-economic development
as well as the adaptability of the flood affected farming communities in the protected
floodplains. The study used both qualitative and quantitative research methods to collect
information and data. Besides Global Positioning System (GPS) and a digital camera were
used to identify the location of the most important samples in the field and during the
fieldwork. Fieldwork itself was mainly based on the two rural communes of Thanh Thang
and Thanh Phu, which are representative for the overall rural situation in Can Tho city and
the MD.
The study found that the Vietnamese government had made a basically correct decision
concerning the necessity of flood risk control by the construction of a dyke system. Dykes
have practically guaranteed safety for agricultural livelihoods of the flood affected farming
communities and positively contributed to agricultural farming transformation from rice
into integrated rice-fish production and rural road improvement. However, a centralized
top down approach was strongly applied thus not considering the experiences and all
expectations of public organizations and local people. The individuals and local
organizations played a very weak role in the whole planning and implementation process.
Dyke system construction consequently created conflicts between central planners and local
people. In addition, the negative impacts of the dyke system have become a great threat for
sustainable development in terms of water pollution, natural fish exhaustion, soil fertility
reduction, erosion and in some instances, also due to increasing inundation of the fields.
Thus, the dyke system construction and planning as well as implementation strategies need
to be studied further to minimize the negative impacts of dyke systems and to ensure a
stronger inclusion of local people and their knowledge in further planning approaches.
Key words: Dyke planning, implementation strategies, flood control, impact on and
adaptability of rural communities
i
Zusammenfassung
Überflutungen sind eine permanente Bedrohung für die ländliche Kulturlandschaft, die
Bewohner und ihre Aktivitäten im Deltabereich des Mekong. Die vietnamesische Regierung
hat deshalb beschlossen, Deiche zur Flutkontrolle und damit auch zum Schutz der
ländlichen Bevölkerung des Mekong-Delta zu bauen. Dieser Problematik widmet sich die
vorliegende Dissertation am Beispiel von Can Tho city, einer typischen Gemeinde im
Flutbereich des Mekong-Deltas mit insgesamt 9 ländlichen Distrikten.
Die Arbeit untersucht Probleme des Planungsprozesses und seiner Umsetzung, die
Auswirkungen der Deiche auf die natürliche Umwelt und die sozioökonomische
Entwicklung wie auch die Anpassungsstrategien der flutgefährdeten Reisbaugemeinden im
Deltabereich. Unter Verwendung qualitativer und quantitativer Untersuchungsmethoden,
von GPS und digitalen Aufnahmen wurden die für die Untersuchung notwendigen Daten
erhoben. Die Geländearbeit konzentrierte sich dabei auf die Kommunen Thanh Thang und
Thanh Phu, beide repräsentativ für die Region Can Tho city und das Mekong-Delta.
Die Studie kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass die generelle Entscheidung der vietnamesischen
Regierung zum Deichbau richtig war. Die Deiche haben insgesamt die Sicherheit der
ländlichen Bevölkerung und ihrer landwirtschaftlichen Aktivitäten erheblich verbessert.
Auch wurde die landwirtschaftliche Produktion in ihrem Übergang von einer Mono-Reis-
Kultur zu einem integrierten Reis-Fisch-Produktionssystem befördert, ebenso der Ausbau
der ländlichen Infrastruktur. Kehrseite der Medaille ist, dass die lokale Bevölkerung in das
zentrale Planungssystem nur unzureichend eingebunden wurde, sodass Konflikte zwischen
zentraler Staatsgewalt und lokaler Bevölkerung nicht ausblieben. Vor allem die negativen
Aspekte des Deichsystems in Hinblick auf eine langfristig nachhaltige und positive
Entwicklung werden geschmälert durch zunehmende Verunreinigung des
Irrigationswassers, durch Rückgang der natürlichen Fischbestände, Verlust der natürlichen
Bodenfruchtbarkeit, Erosion usw.
Ergebnis der Studie zum Deichbau ist, dass bei künftigen Maßnahmen eine stärkere
Einbeziehung der lokalen Bevölkerung und ihres Wissens dringend geboten ist, um weitere
negative Effekte zu minimieren bzw. ganz auszuschließen.

ii
Acknowledgement
Vietnamese proverbs:
“Drinking water and remembering its source
Eating fruits and remembering growers”
This thesis was completed by the generous support of many people and institutions. I
would like to thank Center for Development Research (ZEF), the Department of
Geography, the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences of University of Bonn, the
Federal Ministry of Research and Education (BMBF), Institute for Environment and
Human Security (UNU-EHS) of the United Nations University (UNU) for financial
support and convenient study environment in Germany.
I deeply thank my supervisors and tutor Prof. Dr. Eckart Ehlers, Prof. Dr. Jürgen Pohl and
Dr. Saravanan V. Subramanian for their great encouragement and detailed instructions
which inspire me to greater efforts in order to finish this study.
I specially thank Prof. Dr. Solvay Gerke, Prof. Dr. Hans-Dieter Evers, Dr. Gabi Waibel,
Dr. Günther Manske, Ms. Rosemarie Zabel, Ms. Ursula Doerken, PD.Dr. Conrad Schetter
and lecturers of ZEF who supported and made a favorable environment for me to study
together with international students at ZEF.
During the fieldwork in Vietnam, the great number of people and institutions contributed
to this study. I extend my great gratitude to all the lecturers and colleagues at Mekong
Delta Development Institute (MDI) of Can Tho University, the leaders of Departments and
offices and farmers who eagerly helped administrative procedures and provided
information and data during the fieldwork.
I thank German friends: Simon, Judith, Nadine and Tajana as well as Vietnamese friends
for their encouragement and share during this research implementation time. Finally, the
endless love of my mother and relatives is the most valuable encouragement in my life. I
am very thankful for their heart.

Pham Cong Huu
Bonn, 01 January 2011

iii
Page Table of Contents
Abstract i
ii Zusammenfassung
Acknowledgement iii
Table of Contents iv
List of Box v
List of Figures v
List of Maps viii
List of Tables ix
List of Acronyms and Abbreviation x

1: DYKE SYSTEMS IN THE MEKONG DELTA - AN INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Purpose and scope of the study 1
1.2 Research objectives, research questions and hypothesis 6
1.2.1 Research objectives 6
1.2.2 Research questions 7
1.2.3 Hypothesis 8
1.3 Theoretical and conceptual consideration 9
1.3.1 Planning theory consideration 10
1.3.2 Flood control and management: Theoretical considerations 11
1.4 Conceptual framework 15
1.5 Research methodology and design 19
1.5.1 Research sites 19
1.5.2 Research methodology 20
29 1.6 Structure of the thesis

iv
32 2: FLOOD AND FLOOD CONTROL IN THE MEKONG DELTA
2.1 Flood disaster overview 32
2.2 Flood disaster and vulnerability mitigation approaches 38
2.3 Mekong River and Mekong Delta: Geography and hydrological ecology 40
2.3.1 Mekong River overview 40
2.3.2 The Mekong Delta: The center of flooding and flood control
44
mechanisms
2.3.3 History of flood adaptation and current flood control measures: An
51
overview
2.4 Dyke and dyke system planning 55
3: DYKE SYSTEM PLANNING PRAC

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