Resource distribution and productivity analysis within Pakistan's agriculture [Elektronische Ressource] : a case study / von Hafiz Zahid Mahmood

Hafiz Zahid Mahmood

Informations

• Publié par: humboldt-universitat_zu_berlin
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2009
• Nombre de lectures: 40
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 2 Mo

Extrait

Resource Distribution and Productivity Analysis
within Pakistan’s Agriculture
A Case Study

Dissertation
zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades
doctor rerum agriculturarum
(Dr. rer. ag r.)


eingereicht an der
Landwirtschaftlich-Gärtnerischen Fakultät
der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin

von
M.Sc (hons) Agri. Economics, Hafiz Zahid Mahmood
geb. 17.02.1972, Ali Pur Chatta, Gujranwala, Pakiastn

Präsident der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
Prof. Dr. Christoph Markschies

Dekan der Landwirtschaftlich Gärtnerischen Fakultät
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Otto Kaufmann

Gutachter:
1. Prof. Dr. Hans E. Jahnke
2. Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Dieter Kirschke
Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 24-07-2009


DEDICATION


Dedicated to my beloved (late) father, who strongly desired to see me as a Ph.D doctor.
Perhaps, without his prayers and inspiring motivations, it was not possible for me to accom-
plish this task.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of Allah (God) the most merciful, compassionate and beneficent who bestowed me with
intellect and supporting people to accomplish this hard and challenging task of Ph.D. I also indebted
for granting me passionate and accommodating supervisor like Professor Dr Hans E Jahnke.

I am grateful from the core of my heart, the most important individual in supervising this research:
my advisor Professor Dr Hans E Jahnke for his excellent guidance and enthusiastic support for my
research and professional development. It was not possible for me to proceed ahead without his pre-
cious intellectual suggestions and ideas. Furthermore, his remarkable patience, continuous encou-
ragement during tedious work of my data analysis and moral and technical support in write up span
kept me enthusiastic to concentrate more and more on my research work. His critical and keen view
of different drafts of my dissertation helped me to shape my thesis in a final presentable format. I
am, also, thankful to Professor Dr Dieter Kirschke for his kind supervision as a second supervisor
for my Ph.D work. I intend to pay special homage and tribute to (late) Dr Irina Gilbert due to her
polite support and kind help in drafting my research project in the start of my Ph.D.

My bouquets of thanks go to Frau Novak for helping me in data analysis and it was a pleasant expe-
rience to learn a great deal of statistical tools in a motherly affection environment. Special thanks
also goes to Dr Marco Hartmann (my senior) for bestowing me his worthy time for valuable consul-
tations and sharing innovative ideas. I can not forget the help of Frau Meaini who was always ready
to assist me for administrative matters. I am also thankful to all of my colleagues including Hatem
Metwali for providing me vey friendly environment of work.

Moreover, I am highly grateful to Dr Intizar Hussain (International Director of International Net-
work for Participatory Irrigation Management); without his support I could not attain data to pursue
my Ph.D from International Water Management Institute. Furthermore, I also owe to Professor Dr
Muhammad Ashfaq (Chairman Department of Agriculture Economics, University of Agriculture
Pakistan), his kind support make data availability easier for me from the aforesaid organization.

I am grateful for the kind suggestions of different experts during my visit to University of Agricul-
ture Faisalabad, Agriculture Census organization, International Water Management Institute, Punjab
Economic Research Institute etc in search of secondary data. All of my friends deserve special ap-
preciation and bundle of thanks for their encouragement and support to me. My special thanks go to
Shahid Qureshi (PhD Scholar at Technical University, Berlin), Muhammad Qasim (PhD Scholar at
Kassel University, Kassel), Haji Rizwan ul Haq (PhD Scholar at Charite, Berlin), Salman Saeed(
PhD Scholar at Frei University, Berlin) and Hafiz Haroon Idrees (PhD Scholar at Humboldt Univer-
ii
sity Berlin) for their moral and intellectual support. Without disclosing name, I want to pay special
gratitude to my friend who financially bore my last year living expenses. Otherwise, PhD could have
been only a dream for me. Prayers of parents always pave the way to destination and it is not suffi-
cient just to utter thanks to them. My thanks, my heart and soul, and my self, will always be availa-
ble for them because they are solely responsible, from my childhood to current status.





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TABLE OF CONTENTS


Chapter-1 Introduction Page #
1.1 General Background and Problem Statement …………………………… 1
Objectives and Hypothesis of the Study………………………………… 4 1.2
Organization of the Study ……………………………………………….. 5 1.3
Justification of the study ……………………………………………… 6 1.4
Chapter-2 Agriculture Development and Abortive Land Distribution Attempts
2.1 7 Post Independence Agriculture Development in Pakistan…………………
11 2.2 Water for Agriculture………………………………………………………
2.3 12 Background of Land Concentration and Rectification Efforts……………
2.3.1 14 Land Reforms 1959 .……………………………………………………….
2.3.2 15 Land Reforms 1972…………………………………………………………
2.3.3 17 Post Independence Farm size structure in Pakistan………………………
2.3.4 19 Land Distribution Disparities ……………………………………………..
Chapter-3 The Study Area: General and Farming Characteristics
22 3.1 An overview of District Gujrat and Mandi Bahauddin……………………
23 3.1.1 Agricultural Land and Irrigation Status of District Gujrat and Mandi Bahauddin
24 3.2 Farming Systems and the Study Area……………………………………….
3.2.1 Rice Wheat Farming System ........................................................................ 27
29 3.3 Farm and Family Characteristics of the Study Area………………………..
31 3.4 Land Tenure Structure in the Study Area……………………………………
33 3.5 Cropping Pattern in the Study Area………………………………………….
Chapter-4 Land Distribution and Farm Size Productivity
35 4.1- Global Land Distribution Scenario………………………………………..
36 4.2- Is Skewed Land Distribution a Syndrome? ............................................
41 4.3- Farm Size as an Issue……………………………………………………….
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43 4.4- Evidence of Farm size and Productivity .…………………………………
46 4.4.1- Mis-Specification in Farm Productivity Analysis …………………………
47 4.4.2- Labour Duality: Mode of Production………………………………….…..
49 4.4.3- Factor Market Imperfections…………………………………………...…
51 4.4.4- Farmers Attributes: Family Size, Age and Education……………………
Chapter-5 Data Sources and Analytical Tools
54 5.1 Data Sources………………………………………….………………….
54 5.1.1 Types……………………………………………………………………..
55 5.1.2 Site Selection and Sampling Methods………………………………….
56 5.1.3 Data Collection Techniques…………………………………………….
56 5.1.4 Sample Size and Data Cleaning…………………………………………
57 5.2 Analytical Tools …………………………………………………..
57 5.2.1 Distributional Measures…………………………………………………
59 5.2.2 Total and Partial Factors Productivities………..………………………..
60 5.2.3 Crop Diversity……………………...…………………………………….
60 5.2.4 Cropping Intensity……………………………………………………….
61 5.2.5 Kruskal Wallis Test: A Test for Research Hypothesis Verification ..….
61 5.2.6 Econometric Model ……………………………………………….…….
Chapter- 6 Land Distributions and Productivity Analysis: A view of Inverse Relationship
64 6.1 Hypothesis Restated ………………………………………………..……..
65 6.2 Extent of Land Inequality in the Study Area…………………………. …..
65 6.2.1 Percentage Distribution of Owned and Operational Farm Area …….. ….
67 6.2.2 Lorenz Curves for Ownership and Operational Holdings…………. ….
70 6.2.3 Gini Coefficient of Ownership and Operational Holdings…………….
71 6.3 Cropping Intensity and Crop Diversity in Study Area..........................
71 6.3.1 Cropping Intensity………………………………………………………..
73 6.3.2 Crop Diversity …………………..………………………………………..
74 6.4 Productivity Analysis in the Study Area …………………………………
74 6.4.1 Total Factor Productivity (TFP)……………………………………………
v
75 6.4.2 Partial Productivity…………………………………………………………..
76 6.4.2.1 Irrigation Productivity……………………………………………………….
77 6.4.2.2 Labour Productivity…………………………………………………………
78 6.4.3 Gross Margins in the Study Area………………………………………....
79 6.5 Wealth Distribution in the study Area……………………………………..
80 6.5.1 Income Distribution in the Study Area…………………………………….
81 6.5.2 Farm and Off Farm Income in the Study Area .…………………………..
82 6.5.3 Credit Availability in the Study Areas……………………………………..
84 6.6 Evidence of Inverse Relationship: Productivity and Factors of Production..
Chapter-7 Discussion
88 7.1 Inverse Relationship Restated………………………………………………
89 7.2 Land Distribution……………………………………………………………
92 7.3 Land distribution, Input Levels and Yield ………………………………..
93 7.4 Land Distribution and Factor Productivity…………………………………
94 7.5 Land Distribution, Cropping Intensity and Crop Diversity……………….
95 7.6 Small versus Large Farms………………………………………………….
97 7.7 Inverse Relationship Concluded……………………………………………
Chapter-8 Conclusions and Recommendations 101
Bibliography…………………………………………………………………..…... 107
124 Appendices………………………………………………………………