COST 49

Directorate-General For Research And Innovation European Commission

Description

Technology and biotechnology of algal polysaccharides: Future trends: Proceedings of a workshop organised under the auspices of COST Action 49: Use of marine primary biomass, 12 to 13 September 1997, Trieste, Italy
Agricultural and fisheries research

Sujets

• Sciences et techniques

Informations

• Publié par: DIRECTORATE-GENERAL-FOR-RESEARCH-AND-INNOVATION-EUROPEAN-COMMISSION
• Nombre de lectures: 15
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 3 Mo

Extrait

European cooperation in the field of scientific and technical research
COST 49
Technology and biotechnology of
algal polysaccharides:
Future trends
Austria Italy
Belgium Latvia
Bulgaria Lithuania
Croatia Luxembourg
Czech Republic Netherlands
Cyprus Norway
Denmark Poland
Estonia Portugal
Finland Slovak Republic
France Slovenia
Germany Spain
Greece Sweden
Hungary Switzerland
Iceland Turkey
Ireland United Kingdom
European Commission
EUR 18951 EN Technology and biotechnology of algal
polysaccharides :
Future trends
Proceedings of a workshop
organised under the auspices of
COST action 49:
Use of marine primary biomass
12 and 13 September 1997
Trieste, Italy
Edited by
V. Crescenzi
Department of Chemistry
University 'La Sapienza'
Rome, Italy
R. Rizzo
Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Macromolecular Chemistry
University of Trieste, Italy
G. Skjåk-Bræk
Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory
Institute of Biotechnology
Norwegian University for Science and Technology
Trondheim, Norway
1999 EUR 18951 EN European Commission
EUR 18951 - COST 49 — Technology and biotechnology of algal polysaccharides: Future trends
Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities
1999 _ |V, 150 pp. — 21 x 29.7 cm
ISBN 92-828-7092-8
The book contains the proceedings of a workshop on the 'Technology and biotechnology
of algal polysaccharides' held in Trieste (Italy) on 12 and 13 September 1997 in the frame­
work of COST Action 49 (Use of marine primary biomass). The workshop was aimed at the
discussion on the technological future of seaweed polysaccharides. A number of experts
both from industry and academia contributed to the discussion on the future trends of
different aspects of the technology of agars, carrageenans and alginates. Both traditional
and new possible applications based on these products were carefully reviewed. The
range offered by the book is very large spanning from investigation on seaweed-cultivation
conditions to the use of enzymes to upgrade native polymers. A specific chapter is de­
voted to the challenges created by technological microbial polysaccharides. The potential
offered by polysaccharides produced by some microalgae is also included. CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 1
APPLICATIONS OF AGAR-AGAR AND AGAROSES IN MICROBIOLOGY,
ELECTROPHORESIS AND CHROMATOGRAPHY
R. Armisen 3
KEY CHARACTERIZATION PARAMETERS OF ALGINATE FOR USE IN
BIOMEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS
0. Skaugrud 17
MODIFICATION OF ALGINATE BY MANNURONAN C-5-EPIMERASES
G. Skjåk-Bræk, M. Hartmann, B. Strand 2
DEVELOPMENT OF THE ALGINATE LYASE AL951: CHARACTERIZATION AND
USE POTENTIALS
V. Lognone, V. Joyet, A. Hérault, P. Marchal 35
CARRAGEENAN BIOTECHNOLOGY: AN INDUSTRIAL PERSPECTIVE
B. Rudolph and G. A. de Ruiter 43
THE STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY OF GALACTAN HYDROLASES
B. Kloareg, T Barbeyron, D. Flament, G. Michel, C. Richard, P. Potin, B.
Henrissat 47
HEPARIN LIKE AND ANTI-INFLUENZA ACTIVITY OF CARRAGEENANS
S.H. Knutsen, R. Flengsrud, H. Yamada, H. Furuberg 59 GREEN SEAWEEDS AS A SOURCE OF FUNCTIONAL FOOD POLY-
/OLIGOSACCHARIDES
M. Lahaye, B. Kaeffer, C. Benard, C. Cherbut 71
TECHNOLOGICAL COMPETITION BETWEEN MICROBIAL AND ALGAL
POLYSACCHARIDES
V.J. Morris 87
TWO DIFFERENT RESPONSES IN POLYSACCHARIDES YIELD AND
COMPOSITION MEDIATED BY LIGHT QUALITY
R. Carmona, M. Lahaye, J.J. Vergara, F.X. Niell 11
BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR THE PRODUCTION OF SULFATED POLY­
SACCHARIDES FROM RED MICROALGAE
S. Arad 127
TRENDS IN ALGAL POLYSACCHARIDE RESEARCH: TECHNOLOGICAL AND
BIOTECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS
R. Rizzo, V. Crescenzi, B. Kloareg, X. Niell, G. Skjåk-Bræk 143 INTRODUCTION
Action 49 is a COST activity devoted to the promotion of competitive
research on the biological, technological and economic use of primary marine
biomass derived from macroalgae (Seaweeds). COST Action 49 is chaired by M.
Pedersen (Sweden) and it is organised in four working groups:
1) Genetic improvement of marine macroalgae, responsible: M. Pedersen
(Sweden);
2) Intensive cultivation of improved seaweeds, responsible: J. Jones (U.K.);
3) Application of algal products in biotechnology, responsible: R. Rizzo
(Italy);
4) Bio-transformation of primary marine biomass, responsible: W. Schramm
(Germany).
The workshop on the Technology and Biotechnology of Algal
Polysaccharides was organised in the frame of Working Group 3 and it was aimed
at the discussion on the technological future of algal polysaccharides. A number
of experts both from Industry and Academia contributed to the discussion on the
future trends of different aspects of the technology of agars, carrageenans and
alginates. Both traditional and new possible applications based on these products
were carefully reviewed. The landscape offered by the speakers was very large
spanning from investigation on seaweed cultivation conditions to the use of
enzymes to upgrade native polymers. It has to be specifically mentioned the
contribution given by Dr. Vic J. Morris from the Institute of Food Research at
Norwich, U.K., who kindly accepted to lecture about challenges given by microbial
polysaccharides of technological relevance.
The discussion leader during the two days was Prof. V. Crescenzi of the
University of Rome. He is a world-wide-recognised authority in the field of the
chemistry of technological polysaccharides of different origin. His efforts to
promote and stimulate discussion on hot topics and crucial questions were
certainly determinant for the compilation of the conclusions based on the workshop discussion. These were summarised by R.' Rizzo, V. Crescenzi, B.
Kloareg, X. Niell, and G. Skjåk-Bræk and are reported in the last chapter of this
book.
The workshop was organised jointly by R. Rizzo, G. Skjåk-Bræk, and the
Administration of the Scientific Park of Trieste (AREA Science Park). The
secretary staff of POLYTech s.c.ar.l. has to be acknowledged for the fundamental
contribution in the local and technical organisation of the meeting. Certainly the
workshop could not have been held without the generous financial support given
by:
Cost, Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, Belgium
AREA Science Park, Trieste, Italy
POLYtech s.c.ar.l., Trieste, Italy
PRONOVA Biopolymer, Drammen, Norway.
Finally I wish the express my appreciation to all the speakers who accepted
to participate in the workshop and to all the contributors who made the edition of
this book possible.
Roberto Rizzo
Workshop organiser APPLICATIONS OF AGAR-AGAR AND AGAROSES IN MICROBIOLOGY,
ELECTROPHORESIS AND CHROMATOGRAPHY.
R. Armisen, Hispanagar S.A., Calle Lopez Bravo 98, Poligono Industrial de
Villalonquejar, P.O. Box 392,09.080 Burgos, Spain.
The biotechnological uses of agar-agar, and of its gelling fraction agarose, are
based on the capacity of these polymers to form aqueous gels exhibiting high mechanical
resistance even at very low concentrations. The chemical structure of agarose, as found by
Araki (Araki, 1956), is reported in Scheme I of Fig. 1. where the linearly linked agarobiose
units are shown. The positions of both acidic and enzymatic hydrolysis considered by
Araki are also reported in Scheme I. In addition, the different types of agarobiose units,
which are up now known, are reported in Scheme II of Fig. 1. These structure were taken
from the paper of Lahaye and Rochas (Lahaye & Rochas, 1991). It has to said that other
relevant chemical modifications of the agarobiose dimer might be found in the future.
Agarose aqueous gels have a macro-reticular structure which differs from that
exhibited by other aqueous gels as it is composed of molecules linked only by hydrogen
bonds. Contrary to this, other gelling phycocolloids, such as alginates and carrageenans,
need the presence of cations, acting as ionic links, to produce aqueous gels. In fact,
alginate gels are promote by the presence of calcium ions and carrageenan ones are formed
under the addition of potassium ions. The above systems are examples of "physical gels".
Polyacrilamide aqueous gels are even more different from the previous ones as they are
formed by the association of molecules throughout covalent bonds forming a micro-
reticular gel network ("chemical gels").
The hydrogen-bonded macro-reticular structure of agarose gels confers important
properties to this material which are the basis for its technological applications. The gel is
thermoreversible (i.e. it is possible to pass from the liquid state to the gel state and vice
versa by simply cooling or heating the system), the gelling process exhibit a degree of
hysteresis (i.e. the difference between the gelling and the melting temperature is very
3 large) larger than other colloids. Last but not least, the macroporous gel network allows
the migration through it of large molecules such as nucleic acids and proteins or even
biological supramolecular aggregates such as viruses, subcellular particles and whole cells.
The difference between the macro-re