Fourth framework programme

European Commission Directorate-General For Mobility And Transport

Description

Strategic research: Meet: Methodology for calculating transport emissions and energy consumption
Land transport (road, rail)
Energy research

Sujets

• Air pollution
• Energy consumption
• Energy development
• Environmental impact
• Ship transport

Informations

• Publié par: EUROPEAN-COMMISSION-DIRECTORATE-GENERAL-FOR-MOBILITY-AND-TRANSPORT
• Nombre de lectures: 38
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 14 Mo

Extrait

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MSCARCH FOR
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OBJLITY TRANSPORT RESEARCH
FOURTH FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME
STRATEGIC RESEARCH
DG VII — 99
Meet
Methodology for calculating
transport emissions and
energy consumption
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^^ Æ SUSTAINABLE
/Z—¡·ΜΟΒΙΙΙΤΥ The information contained in this publication does not necessarily reflect either the position
or the views of the European Commission.
A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet.
It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa.eu.int).
Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication.
Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1999
ISBN 92-828-6785-4
© European Communities, 1999
Printed in Belgium PARTNERSHIP
The MEET project was developed by the following consortium :
Project Co-ordinator:
INRETS - Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité
Main partners:
AUTh - Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
TRL - Transport Research Laboratory
TÜV - TÜV Rheinland Sicherheit und Umweltschutz GmbH
DTU - Technical University of Denmark
Associated partners:
ADEME - Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Energie
BMW-BMW AG
TUG - Technical University of Graz
INFRAS - INFRAS AG
KALIVODA - Dr Kalivoda
MIRA - The Motor Industry Research Association
PSA - PSA Peugeot - Citroen
TECHNE - Techne S.r.l
TNO - Netherlands Organisation for Applied Research
ULIMERICK - University of Limerick
VTI - Swedish Road and Transport Research Institute MEET Calculating transpor! emissions and energy consumption Executive summan·
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. Introduction
The MEET project - 'Methodologies for estimating air pollutant emissions from transport' -
has been undertaken in order to provide a basic, Europe-wide procedure for evaluating the
impact of transport on air pollutant emissions and energy consumption. It brings together the
most comprehensive and up-to-date information on emission rates and activity statistics
which, together, make it possible to estimate the emissions resulting from almost any
transport operation. The work was conducted in conjunction with COST Action 319 which
also dealt with methods of estimating transport emissions. The MEET methods have made
use of data collected from many national and international studies, mainly in Europe, but not
limited to those carried out by the MEET participants. From the basic data, following
extensive discussion in COST 319 and MEET, the various sub-models have been developed
to represent the consensus of views of many of the European scientists active in this area.
1.1 Transport modes included
In some classifications {e.g. CORINAIR), sources of pollutant emissions are classified as
mobile or stationary, and the mobile category includes, for example, machinery used for
industrial and agricultural purposes. In this project, however, the criterion used for the
inclusion of an activity is whether it contributes to the transport of goods or people. The
following modes are included:
• road transport
• railways
• water transport (inland and marine, but excluding leisure activities and fishing)
• air traffic
1.2 Pollutants covered
A large number of different compounds produced by transport activities are considered to be
pollutants. For some of them, emissions have been investigated in detail, while for others
only limited data exist. For this reason, it was decided to classify the pollutants in three levels,
according to the reliability of the available data on emission factors:
Level 1 : includes the pollutants for which the existing data allow the definition of
emission factors with a high degree of certainty.
Level 2: includes the pollutants for which the existing emission factors are to be
considered only as an indication of the order of magnitude.
Level 3: includes the pollutants for which there are only very few data, and no emission
factors will be given.
Table 1 presents the pollutants using the three level classification defined for the project.
March 1999 MEET Calculating transport emissions and energy consumption Executive summan'
Pollutant categories according to the present knowledge of emission factors Table 1.
Level Pollutants
1 Energy consumption, C02, CO, VOC, NOx. PM, S02. Pb
2 N20, CH4, NMVOC, VOC species (e.g. PAH, benzene)
3 PM size distribution, NH3, FLS, N02, heavy metals
1.3 Calculation methods for energy consumption and emissions
A variety of methods are used to calculate energy consumption and emissions, depending on
the pollutant, the transport mode and the vehicle type. The methods may be grouped into four
classes:
Based on transport activity - this is the basic method for the more common emissions from
road vehicles and for the energy consumption for non-road modes; the emissions calculated in
this way may include hot, trip start, evaporative and fuel production emissions.
Based on energy consumption - this is the standard method for emissions from non-road
modes, and also for SO2 and Pb emissions from road vehicles; the types of emission included
(hot, start, evaporative, fuel production) depend on those included in the energy consumption
estimate.
Carbon balance calculations - calculations of fuel consumption or carbon dioxide emissions
may be based on the equation representing the mass balance ofn in the fuel and its
combustion products; for road vehicles (with combustion engines), the method is applied to
calculate fuel consumption, while for other modes it is used to calculate CO2; it may take into
account hot, start and evaporative emissions.
Pollutant specific calculations - some pollutants are sub-categories of others (e.g. VOC
species are part of total VOC, particle size fractions are part of total PM); estimates may be
made from the main pollutant and details on speciation and size distribution; hot, start,
evaporative and fuel production emissions may be included.
2. Road transport
Road vehicle emissions have justifiably received the greatest attention of all transport modes
because of their dominance as a means of transporting both passengers and goods. Not only
does road transport have the biggest share of transport activity, but its decentralised and
groundborne nature bring it into close proximity with more people than the other modes.
Because a large amount of information on road transport emissions is available, it has been
possible to propose a relatively detailed methodology.
2.1 Basic principles
The main sources of emission from road vehicles are the exhaust gases and hydrocarbons
produced by evaporation of the fuel. When an engine is started below its normal operating
temperature, it uses fuel inefficiently, and the amount of pollution produced is usually higher
March 1999 MEET Calculating transport emissions and energy consumption Executive summary
thanwhenit is hot. These observations lead to the first basic relationship used in the
calculation method, i.e.:
^ = ^hot + E skin + b evaporative
where:
E is the total emission
Ehotis the emission produced when the engine is hot
Esteriis the n when the engine is cold
Eevaporative is the emission by evaporation (only for VOC)
For calculations based on traffic activity, each of these contributions to the total emission
depend on an emission factor and one or more parameters relating to the operation of the
vehicle, so that in general:
Ex - ex χ a
where:
Ex is one of the contributions to total emissions
ex is an activity related emission factor
ais the amount of traffic activity relevant to this type of emission
The parameters ex and a are themselves functions of other variables.
For hot emissions, the activity related emission factor, e¡,ol, is expressed primarily as a
function of the average speed of the vehicle. Modification factors (which may themselves be
functions of other variables) allow corrections to be made for the road gradient, the load
carried by a vehicle, the degradation of pollution controls with increasing mileage of the
vehicle, and the ambient temperature. Thus, for one vehicle type and pollutant:
ehol =f(v)xGCxLCx MC χ TC
where:
ei,ot is the corrected hot emission factor
ƒ (v) is the average speed dependent emission factor for standard conditions
GC, LC, MC & TC are factors to correct for gradient, load, mileage, temperature respectively
The activity, a, is then the amount of operation (vehicle.kilometres) carried out at a particular
average speed, on roads with a certain gradient, for vehicles with a certain load and mileage,
and at a particular ambient temperature. In practice, the necessary vehicle operating
conditions (speeds, loads, etc.) are based on statistical distributions of the various parameters
as the movements and properties of individual vehicles are not known.
March 1999 MEET Calculating transport emissions and energy consumption Executive summary